Prostate Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
stage IIB prostate cancer, stage IIA prostate cancer, stage III prostate cancer, adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Brief summary
RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill tumor cells. Androgens can cause the growth of prostate cancer cells. Antihormone therapy, such as flutamide, bicalutamide, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, may lessen the amount of androgens made by the body. It is not yet known which regimen of radiation therapy with or without androgen-deprivation therapy is more effective for prostate cancer. PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial is studying prostate radiation therapy to see how well it works compared with short-term androgen deprivation therapy given together with pelvic lymph node radiation therapy with or without prostate radiation therapy in treating patients with a rising PSA after surgery for prostate cancer.
Detailed description
OBJECTIVES: Primary * To determine whether the addition of short-term androgen deprivation (STAD) to prostate bed radiotherapy (PBRT) improves freedom from progression (FFP) (i.e., maintenance of a prostate-specific antigen \[PSA\] less than the nadir+2 ng/mL, absence of clinical failure, and absence of death from any cause) for 5 years, over that of PBRT alone in men treated with salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. * To determine whether STAD, pelvic lymph node radiotherapy (PLNRT), and PBRT improves FFP over that of STAD+PBRT and PBRT alone in men treated with salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Secondary * To compare secondary biochemical failure, the development of hormone-refractory disease , distant metastasis, cause-specific mortality, and overall mortality at five years. * To compare acute and late morbidity based on Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Effects (CTCAE), v. 3.0. * To measure the expression of cell kinetic, apoptotic pathway, and angiogenesis-related genes in archival diagnostic tissue to better define the risk of FFP, distant failure, cause-specific mortality, and overall mortality after salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer, independently of conventional clinical parameters now used. * To quantify blood product-based proteomic and genomic (single nucleotide polymorphisms) patterns and urine-based genomic patterns before and at different times after treatment to better define the risk of FFP, distant failure, cause-specific mortality, and overall mortality after salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer, independently of conventional clinical parameters now used. * To assess the degree, duration, and significant differences of disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) decrements among treatment arms. * To assess whether mood is improved and depression is decreased with the more aggressive therapy if it improves FFP. * To collect paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, serum, plasma, urine, and buffy coat cells for future translational research analyses. Tertiary * To assess whether an incremental gain in FFP and survival with more aggressive therapy outweighs decrements in the primary generic domains of HRQOL (i.e., mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression). * To evaluate the cost-utility of the treatment arm demonstrating the most significant benefit (in terms of the primary outcome) in comparison with other widely accepted cancer and non-cancer therapies. * To assess associations between serum levels of beta-amyloid and measures of cognition and mood and depression. * An exploratory aim is to assess the relationship(s) between the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA SI) and urinary morbidity using the CTCAE v. 3.0 grading system. OUTLINE: Patients are stratified according to seminal vesicle involvement (yes vs no), prostatectomy Gleason score (≤ 7 vs 8-9), pre-radiotherapy PSA (≥ 0.1 and ≤ 1.0 ng/mL vs \> 1.0 and \< 2.0 ng/mL), and pathology stage (pT2 and margin negative vs all others). Patients are randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms. Follow-up occurs 3, 6, and 12 months after the completion of radiation therapy, then every 6 months for 6 years, and then annually thereafter.
Interventions
RADIATIONPBRT
1.8 Gy per fraction once daily, 5 days a week totaling 64.8-70.2 Gy. 3D-CRT or IMRT required.
RADIATIONPLNRT
1.8 Gy per fraction once daily, 5 days a week, totaling 45 Gy. 3D-CRT or IMRT required.
DRUGAA
Antiandrogen (AA) therapy can be either 250 mg flutamide by mouth three times a day or 50 mg bicalutamide by mouth once a day.
DRUGLHRH agonist
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist can be any analog approved by the FDA (or by Health Canada for Canadian institutions) and may be given in any possible combination such that the total LHRH treatment time is 4-6 months. LHRH analogs are administered with a variety of techniques, including subcutaneous insertion of a solid plug in the abdominal wall, intramuscular injection, and subcutaneous injection.
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Cancer and Leukemia Group B
NRG Oncology
Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated primarily with radical prostatectomy, pathologically proven to be lymph node negative by pelvic lymphadenectomy (N0) or lymph node status pathologically unknown (undissected pelvic lymph nodes \[Nx\]), i.e. lymph node dissection is not required; • Any type of radical prostatectomy will be permitted, including retropubic, perineal, laparoscopic or robotically assisted. There is no time limit for the date of radical prostatectomy. 2. A post-radical prostatectomy entry prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of ≥ 0.1 and \< 2.0 ng/mL at least 6 weeks (45 days) after prostatectomy and within 30 days of registration; 3. One of the following pathologic classifications: * T3N0/Nx disease with or without a positive prostatectomy surgical margin; or * T2N0/Nx disease with or without a positive prostatectomy surgical margin; 4. Prostatectomy Gleason score of 9 or less; 5. Zubrod Performance Status of 0-1; 6. Age ≥ 18; 7. No distant metastases, based upon the following minimum diagnostic workup: * History/physical examination (including digital rectal exam) within 8 weeks (60 days) prior to registration; * A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis (with contrast if renal function is acceptable; a noncontrast CT is permitted if the patient is not a candidate for contrast) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis within 120 days prior to registration; * Bone scan within 120 days prior to registration; if the bone scan is suspicious, a plain x-ray and/or MRI must be obtained to rule out metastasis. 8. Adequate bone marrow function, within 90 days prior to registration, defined as follows: * Platelets ≥ 100,000 cells/mm\^3 based upon compete blood count (CBC); * Hemoglobin ≥ 10.0 g/dl based upon CBC (Note: The use of transfusion or other intervention to achieve Hgb ≥ 10.0 g/dl is recommended). 9. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \< 2 x the upper limit of normal within 90 days prior to registration; 10. Serum total testosterone must be ≥ 40% of the lower limit of normal (LLN) of the assay used (testosterone ÷ LLN must be ≥ 0.40) within 90 days prior to registration (Note: Patients who have had a unilateral orchiectomy are eligible as long as this requirement is met); 11. Patients must sign a study-specific informed consent prior to study entry.
Exclusion criteria
1. A palpable prostatic fossa abnormality/mass suggestive of recurrence, unless shown by biopsy under ultrasound guidance not to contain cancer; 2. N1 patients are ineligible, as are those with pelvic lymph node enlargement ≥ 1.5 cm in greatest dimension by CT scan or MRI of the pelvis, unless the enlarged lymph node is sampled and is negative; 3. Androgen deprivation therapy started prior to prostatectomy for \> 6 months (180 days) duration. Note: The use of finasteride or dutasteride (±tamsulosin) for longer periods prior to prostatectomy is acceptable; 4. Androgen deprivation therapy started after prostatectomy and prior to registration (Note: The use of finasteride or dutasteride (±tamsulosin) after prostatectomy is not acceptable - must be stopped within 3 months after prostatectomy. Androgen deprivation therapy must be stopped within 3 months after prostatectomy); 5. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before or after prostatectomy; 6. Prior chemotherapy for any other disease site if given within 5 years prior to registration; 7. Prior cryosurgery or brachytherapy of the prostate; prostatectomy should be the primary treatment and not a salvage procedure; 8. Prior pelvic radiotherapy; 9. Prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer) or superficial bladder cancer unless disease free for a minimum of 5 years \[for example, carcinoma in situ of the oral cavity is permissible\]; 10. Severe, active co-morbidity, defined as follows: * History of inflammatory bowel disease; * History of hepatitis B or C; Blood tests are not required to determine if the patient has had hepatitis B or C, unless the patient reports a history of hepatitis. * Unstable angina and/or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization within the last 6 months; * Transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months; * Acute bacterial or fungal infection requiring intravenous antibiotics at the time of registration; * Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy at the time of registration; * Hepatic insufficiency resulting in clinical jaundice and/or coagulation defects; AST or ALT are required; note, however, that laboratory tests for coagulation parameters are not required for entry into this protocol. * Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) based upon current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition; Note, however, that human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) testing is not required for entry into this protocol. The need to exclude patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from this protocol is necessary because the treatments involved in this protocol may result in increased toxicity and immunosuppression. 11. Prior allergic reaction to the study drug(s) involved in this protocol.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years | From randomization to five years. | Progression is defined as the first occurrence of the following events: biochemical failure by the Phoenix definition (prostate-specific antigen \[PSA\] ≥ 2 ng/ml over the nadir PSA), clinical failure (local, regional or distant), or death from any cause. The initiation of second salvage therapy before progression was a protocol violation and resulted in censoring. Progression time is defined as time from randomization to the date of progression, second salvage therapy (censored), or last known follow-up (censored). Freedom from progression rates are estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but results were reported early. See Limitations and Caveats section. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease) | From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Hormone-refractory disease (failure) is defined as three rises in PSA after the start of second salvage androgen deprivation therapy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants With Local Failure | From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Local failure is defined as first occurrence of local clinical progression. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis | From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Distant metastasis (failure) is defined as the occurrence of distant metastasis determined by imaging. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality) | From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Cause-specific mortality (failure) is defined as death due to prostate cancer or complications of protocol treatment (centrally reviewed), or death following disease progression (clinical or biochemical) in the absence of or after the initiation of any salvage therapy. \[Biochemical progression is indicated by any rise in PSA.\] Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality) | From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or last known follow-up (censored). Survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Pairwise comparisons of the overall distributions of failure times are reported in statistical analysis section, with five-year rates reported here. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | From randomization to 90 days after completion of radiotherapy (approximately 7-8 weeks). | Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Summary data is provided in this outcome measure; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data. Pairwise comparisons of Arm 2 vs Arm 1 and Arm 3 vs. Arm 2 are reported in the statistical analysis. |
| Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure) | From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Secondary biochemical (failure) is defined as either of two occurrences: 1. For detectable post-baseline PSA values (≥ 0.1), the first occurrence of a PSA value that is both ≥ 0.4 and a second rise above nadir; 2.The start of second salvage therapy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but results were reported early. See Limitations and Caveats section. |
| Comparison of Disease-specific Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Change by the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test A & B, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) | From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy. | — |
| Assessment of Mood and Depression Change Using QOL Measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) | From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy. | — |
| Assessment and Comparison of Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) and Quality Adjusted FFP Year (QAFFPY) | From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy. | — |
| Evaluation and Comparison of the Cost-utility Using EuroQoL - 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) | From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy. | — |
| Prognostic Value of Genomic and Proteomic Markers for the Primary and Secondary Clinical Endpoints | Date of randomization to timepoint of the respective primary or secondary endpoint. | — |
| Assessment of the Relationship(s) Between the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA SI) and Urinary Morbidity (Adverse Event Terms: Urinary Frequency/Urgency) Using the CTCAE v. 3.0 Grading System | From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy. | — |
| Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | AE: from 91 days after completion of RT (approximately 7-8 weeks) to last follow-up. Vital status: from randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years. | Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Late adverse events (AE) are defined as occurring \> 90 days from the completion of RT. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first late grade 2 or grade 3 adverse event, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times between Arm 2 and Arm 1 and between Arm 3 and Arm 2, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. |
Countries
Canada, China, Israel, United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| PBRT Alone Prostate bed radiotherapy (PBRT) begins within 6 weeks (+/- 2 weeks) after registration. | 564 |
| PBRT + STAD Prostate bed radiotherapy (PBRT) and short term androgen deprivation therapy (STAD) consisting of antiandrogen (AA) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy begins within 6 weeks (+/- 2 weeks) after registration. STAD starts first, 2 months (+/- 2 weeks) before radiotherapy (RT), and lasts for 4-6 months. LHRH can last 4-6 months. AA starts at the same time as LHRH (or up to 2 weeks prior ), lasts approximately 4 months, and should end on the last day of RT (+/- 2 weeks). | 578 |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD Pelvic lymph node radiotherapy (PLNRT), prostate bed radiotherapy (PBRT), and short term androgen deprivation therapy (STAD) consisting of antiandrogen (AA) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy begins within 6 weeks (+/- 2 weeks) after registration. STAD starts first, 2 months (+/- 2 weeks) before RT, and lasts for 4-6 months. LHRH can last 4-6 months. AA starts at the same time as LHRH (or up to 2 weeks prior ), lasts approximately 4 months, and should end on the last day of RT (+/- 2 weeks). | 574 |
| Total | 1,716 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Protocol Violation | 28 | 24 | 24 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | PBRT Alone | PBRT + STAD | PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 64 years | 64 years | 64 years | 64 years |
| Age, Customized Age (years) <=49 | 19 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age (years) 50-59 | 118 Participants | 137 Participants | 138 Participants | 393 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age (years) 60-69 | 307 Participants | 299 Participants | 307 Participants | 913 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age (years) >=70 | 120 Participants | 127 Participants | 121 Participants | 368 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 21 Participants | 23 Participants | 30 Participants | 74 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 511 Participants | 527 Participants | 517 Participants | 1555 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 32 Participants | 28 Participants | 27 Participants | 87 Participants |
| Gleason Score 4 | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Gleason Score 5 | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Gleason Score 6 | 80 Participants | 85 Participants | 89 Participants | 254 Participants |
| Gleason Score 7: 3+4 | 226 Participants | 240 Participants | 221 Participants | 687 Participants |
| Gleason Score 7:4+3 | 153 Participants | 148 Participants | 156 Participants | 457 Participants |
| Gleason Score 7: primary/secondary not indicated | 9 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Gleason Score 8 | 57 Participants | 60 Participants | 57 Participants | 174 Participants |
| Gleason Score 9 | 36 Participants | 38 Participants | 42 Participants | 116 Participants |
| Number of Lymph Nodes Examined | 5 lymph nodes | 6 lymph nodes | 5 lymph nodes | 6 lymph nodes |
| Pathologic Seminal Vesicle Involvement No | 482 Participants | 494 Participants | 488 Participants | 1464 Participants |
| Pathologic Seminal Vesicle Involvement Yes | 82 Participants | 84 Participants | 86 Participants | 252 Participants |
| Pelvic Lymphadenectomy No | 189 Participants | 207 Participants | 209 Participants | 605 Participants |
| Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Yes | 375 Participants | 371 Participants | 365 Participants | 1111 Participants |
| Pre-RT Entry PSA >= 0.1 and <= 0.2 ng/ml | 155 Participants | 126 Participants | 154 Participants | 435 Participants |
| Pre-RT Entry PSA > 0.2 and <= 0.5 ng/ml | 247 Participants | 256 Participants | 247 Participants | 750 Participants |
| Pre-RT Entry PSA > 0.5 and <= 1.0 ng/ml | 105 Participants | 130 Participants | 114 Participants | 349 Participants |
| Pre-RT Entry PSA > 1.0 and < 2.0 ng/ml | 57 Participants | 66 Participants | 59 Participants | 182 Participants |
| Pre-RT Entry PSA | 0.32 ng/ml | 0.40 ng/ml | 0.32 ng/ml | 0.35 ng/ml |
| Prostatectomy Margins Negative | 267 Participants | 284 Participants | 287 Participants | 838 Participants |
| Prostatectomy Margins Positive | 288 Participants | 289 Participants | 284 Participants | 861 Participants |
| Prostatectomy Margins Unknown | 9 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Prostatectomy Tumor Stage pT2 | 292 Participants | 317 Participants | 304 Participants | 913 Participants |
| Prostatectomy Tumor Stage pT3a Extraprostatic extension | 177 Participants | 162 Participants | 166 Participants | 505 Participants |
| Prostatectomy Tumor Stage pT3b Seminal vesicle invasion | 82 Participants | 84 Participants | 86 Participants | 252 Participants |
| Prostatectomy Tumor Stage pT3 Extraprostatic extension NOS | 13 Participants | 15 Participants | 18 Participants | 46 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants | 6 Participants | 8 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 74 Participants | 69 Participants | 77 Participants | 220 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 0 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 19 Participants | 17 Participants | 10 Participants | 46 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 464 Participants | 482 Participants | 474 Participants | 1420 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 564 Participants | 578 Participants | 574 Participants | 1716 Participants |
| Zubrod Performance Status 0 | 522 Participants | 539 Participants | 540 Participants | 1601 Participants |
| Zubrod Performance Status 1 | 42 Participants | 39 Participants | 34 Participants | 115 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 48 / 547 | 43 / 563 | 43 / 563 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 433 / 547 | 492 / 563 | 509 / 563 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 18 / 547 | 29 / 563 | 23 / 563 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years
Progression is defined as the first occurrence of the following events: biochemical failure by the Phoenix definition (prostate-specific antigen \[PSA\] ≥ 2 ng/ml over the nadir PSA), clinical failure (local, regional or distant), or death from any cause. The initiation of second salvage therapy before progression was a protocol violation and resulted in censoring. Progression time is defined as time from randomization to the date of progression, second salvage therapy (censored), or last known follow-up (censored). Freedom from progression rates are estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but results were reported early. See Limitations and Caveats section.
Time frame: From randomization to five years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years | 70.3 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years | 81.3 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Free From Progression (FFP) at 5 Years | 87.4 percentage of participants |
Comparison: Alternative hypotheses: 10% improvement in 5-year FFP in Arm 2 and 20% improvement in Arm 3, both relative to Arm 1, which has an assumed 5-year FFP of 70%. Sample size of 1587 (529/arm) with overall one-sided 0.025 alpha provides 90% power. Interim analyses (reported here) tested at one-sided significance level of 0.001. P\<0.001 indicates comparison crossed interim efficacy boundary. See Limitations and Caveats section.p-value: <0.001Z test
Comparison: Alternative hypotheses: 10% improvement in 5-year FFP in Arm 2 and 20% improvement in Arm 3, both relative to Arm 1, which has an assumed 5-year FFP of 70%. Sample size of 1587 (529/arm) with overall one-sided 0.025 alpha provides 90% power. Interim analyses (reported here) tested at one-sided significance level of 0.001. P\<0.001 indicates comparison crossed interim efficacy boundary. See Limitations and Caveats section.p-value: 0.003Z-test
Comparison: Alternative hypotheses: 10% improvement in 5-year FFP in Arm 2 and 20% improvement in Arm 3, both relative to Arm 1, which has an assumed 5-year FFP of 70%. Sample size of 1587 (529/arm) with overall one-sided 0.025 alpha provides 90% power. Interim analyses (reported here) tested at one-sided significance level of 0.001. P\<0.001 indicates comparison crossed interim efficacy boundary. See Limitations and Caveats section.p-value: <0.001Z-test
Secondary
Assessment and Comparison of Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) and Quality Adjusted FFP Year (QAFFPY)
Time frame: From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy.
Secondary
Assessment of Mood and Depression Change Using QOL Measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25)
Time frame: From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy.
Secondary
Assessment of the Relationship(s) Between the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA SI) and Urinary Morbidity (Adverse Event Terms: Urinary Frequency/Urgency) Using the CTCAE v. 3.0 Grading System
Time frame: From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy.
Secondary
Comparison of Disease-specific Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Change by the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test A & B, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT)
Time frame: From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy.
Secondary
Evaluation and Comparison of the Cost-utility Using EuroQoL - 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D)
Time frame: From the 6th week of radiation therapy to 5 years post radiation therapy.
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality)
Survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or last known follow-up (censored). Survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Pairwise comparisons of the overall distributions of failure times are reported in statistical analysis section, with five-year rates reported here. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis.
Time frame: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality) | 93.9 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality) | 96.1 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Alive (Overall Mortality) | 95.7 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.23597.5% CI: [0.54, 1.38]Log Rank
p-value: 0.48197.5% CI: [0.61, 1.6]Log Rank
p-value: 0.21397.5% CI: [0.53, 1.35]Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT)
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Summary data is provided in this outcome measure; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data. Pairwise comparisons of Arm 2 vs Arm 1 and Arm 3 vs. Arm 2 are reported in the statistical analysis.
Time frame: From randomization to 90 days after completion of radiotherapy (approximately 7-8 weeks).
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 2+ | 18.8 percentage of participants |
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 3+ | 4.4 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 2+ | 36.3 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 3+ | 8.7 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 2+ | 43.6 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events ≤ 90 Days of the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 3+ | 12.2 percentage of participants |
Comparison: Acute grade 2+ acute adverse eventsp-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [1.81, 3.37]Regression, Logistic
Comparison: Acute grade 2+ acute adverse eventsp-value: 0.00797.5% CI: [1.03, 1.77]Regression, Logistic
Comparison: Acute grade 3+ acute adverse eventsp-value: 0.00297.5% CI: [1.16, 3.6]Regression, Logistic
Comparison: Acute grade 3+ adverse eventsp-value: 0.02595% CI: [0.975, 2.27]Regression, Logistic
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT)
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3.0) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Late adverse events (AE) are defined as occurring \> 90 days from the completion of RT. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of first late grade 2 or grade 3 adverse event, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times between Arm 2 and Arm 1 and between Arm 3 and Arm 2, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored.
Time frame: AE: from 91 days after completion of RT (approximately 7-8 weeks) to last follow-up. Vital status: from randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 2+ | 52.8 percentage of participants |
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 3+ | 10.3 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 2+ | 54.8 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 3+ | 11.4 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 2+ | 58.6 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Experiencing Late Grade 2+ and 3+ Adverse Events > 90 Days From the Completion of Radiotherapy (RT) | Grade 3+ | 14.4 percentage of participants |
Comparison: Late grade 2+ adverse eventsp-value: 0.26897.5% CI: [0.88, 1.26]Log Rank
Comparison: Late grade 2+ adverse eventsp-value: 0.10197.5% CI: [0.93, 1.32]Log Rank
Comparison: Late grade 3+ adverse eventsp-value: 0.11997.5% CI: [0.83, 1.8]Log Rank
Comparison: Late grade 3+ adverse eventsp-value: 0.1797.5% CI: [0.82, 1.65]Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease)
Hormone-refractory disease (failure) is defined as three rises in PSA after the start of second salvage androgen deprivation therapy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis.
Time frame: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease) | 2.9 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease) | 2.4 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Free From Hormone-refractory Disease (Castrate-resistant Disease) | 1.2 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.13797.5% CI: [0.39, 1.39]Log Rank
p-value: 0.00797.5% CI: [0.16, 0.95]Log Rank
p-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [0.12, 0.68]Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality)
Cause-specific mortality (failure) is defined as death due to prostate cancer or complications of protocol treatment (centrally reviewed), or death following disease progression (clinical or biochemical) in the absence of or after the initiation of any salvage therapy. \[Biochemical progression is indicated by any rise in PSA.\] Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis.
Time frame: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality) | 2.7 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality) | 1.1 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants Who Died Due to Prostate Cancer (Cause-specific Mortality) | 0.8 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.13797.5% CI: [0.35, 1.43]Log Rank
p-value: 0.14197.5% CI: [0.3, 1.54]Log Rank
p-value: 0.01497.5% CI: [0.21, 1.03]Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis
Distant metastasis (failure) is defined as the occurrence of distant metastasis determined by imaging. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis.
Time frame: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis | 8.3 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis | 5.9 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants With Distant Metastasis | 4.7 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.10597.5% CI: [0.49, 1.22]Log Rank
p-value: 0.02297.5% CI: [0.36, 1.06]Log Rank
p-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [0.29, 0.81]Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Local Failure
Local failure is defined as first occurrence of local clinical progression. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but the data monitoring committee decided to release results after the third interim analysis.
Time frame: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants With Local Failure | 3.1 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants With Local Failure | 1.2 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants With Local Failure | 0.4 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.0197.5% CI: [0.14, 1.01]Log Rank
p-value: 0.17797.5% CI: [0.14, 2.3]Log Rank
p-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [0.06, 0.71]Log Rank
Secondary
Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure)
Secondary biochemical (failure) is defined as either of two occurrences: 1. For detectable post-baseline PSA values (≥ 0.1), the first occurrence of a PSA value that is both ≥ 0.4 and a second rise above nadir; 2.The start of second salvage therapy. Failure time is defined as time from randomization to the date of failure, death (competing risk), or last known follow-up (censored). Failure rates for data summary are estimated using the cumulative incidence method, with 5-year rates provided here. Pairwise comparisons of the distributions of failure times, reported in the statistical analysis section, use cause-specific hazard rates for which deaths are censored. The study was designed for the final analysis to occur after all participants had been on study for at least 5 years, but results were reported early. See Limitations and Caveats section.
Time frame: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 10.5 years.
Population: Eligible participants
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| PBRT Alone | Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure) | 35.7 percentage of participants |
| PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure) | 22.3 percentage of participants |
| PLNRT + PBRT + STAD | Percentage of Participants With Secondary Biochemical Failure (Alternative Biochemical Failure) | 14.5 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [0.45, 0.72]Log Rank
p-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [0.51, 0.89]Log Rank
p-value: <0.00197.5% CI: [0.3, 0.51]Log Rank
Secondary
Prognostic Value of Genomic and Proteomic Markers for the Primary and Secondary Clinical Endpoints
Time frame: Date of randomization to timepoint of the respective primary or secondary endpoint.