Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors
Conditions
Keywords
adult gliosarcoma, adult giant cell glioblastoma, adult glioblastoma, adult anaplastic astrocytoma, adult diffuse astrocytoma, adult pilocytic astrocytoma, adult subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Brief summary
RATIONALE: Everolimus may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth and by blocking some of the blood flow to the tumor. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as temozolomide, work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill tumor cells. Giving everolimus together with temozolomide and radiation therapy may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: This phase I/II trial is studying the side effects and best dose of everolimus when given together with temozolomide and radiation therapy in treating patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.
Detailed description
OBJECTIVES: * To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of everolimus in combination with temozolomide and 3D-conformal radiotherapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) followed by adjuvant temozolomide with or without everolimus in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. (Mayo Clinic Rochester \[MCR\] AND Mayo Clinic Jacksonville \[MCJ\] patients only) (Phase I) * To assess and describe the adverse events of everolimus in combination with temozolomide and 3D-conformal radiotherapy or IMRT followed by adjuvant temozolomide with or without everolimus in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. (MCR and MCJ patients only) (Phase I) * To assess treatment effectiveness of everolimus in combination with temozolomide and 3D-conformal radiotherapy or IMRT followed by adjuvant temozolomide with or without everolimus, until progression, in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. (all North Central Cancer Treatment Group \[NCCTG\] patients) (Phase II) * To characterize the toxicities of everolimus in combination with temozolomide and 3D-conformal radiotherapy or IMRT followed by adjuvant temozolomide with or without everolimus in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. (all NCCTG patients) (Phase II) * Evaluate whether suppression of fludeoxyglucose F18 (18FDG) uptake in tumor and normal brain can be used to determine a biologically effective dose for efficient penetration of everolimus through the blood-brain barrier. (MCR and MCJ patients only) (Phase I) * Correlate everolimus levels with 18FDG uptake suppression in tumor and normal brain. (MCR and MCJ patients only) (Phase I) * Assess the relationship between efficacy endpoints (i.e., survival, progression-free survival, and response) and changes in 3'-deoxy-3'-\[18F\]fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) uptake for patients treated at MCR. (all NCCTG patients) (Phase II) * Assess the relationship between efficacy endpoints (i.e., survival, progression-free survival, and response), and phospho-Akt, PTEN status, and MGMT expression and promoter methylation status. (all NCCTG patients) (Phase II) * Assess the relationship between efficacy endpoints (i.e., survival, progression-free survival, and response) and baseline gene expression signatures from paraffin embedded pre-treatment tumor samples. (all NCCTG patients) (Phase II) * Correlate gene expression between paraffin and frozen samples. (all NCCTG patients) (Phase II) * Evaluate potential mechanisms of therapy resistance in recurrent tumor samples obtained at the time of surgery for recurrent disease. (Phase I and II) OUTLINE: This is a multicenter, phase I dose-escalation study of everolimus followed by a phase II study. * Phase I (Mayo Clinic Rochester \[MCR\] AND Mayo Clinic Jacksonville \[MCJ\] ONLY): * Concurrent therapy (courses 1 and 2): Patients receive oral everolimus once weekly in weeks 1-7 or 1-8 and oral temozolomide once daily in weeks 2-7 or 3-8. Patients also undergo radiotherapy 5 days a week in either weeks 2-7 or 3-8. Four to six weeks later, patients proceed to adjuvant therapy. This rest period is defined as course 2. * Adjuvant therapy with everolimus and temozolomide (courses 3-8): Patients receive oral everolimus on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 and oral temozolomide on days 1-5. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 6 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. * Adjuvant therapy with everolimus alone (courses 9 and all subsequent courses): Patients receive oral everolimus on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. Treatment repeats every 28 days in the absence of disease progression our unacceptable toxicity. * Phase II (Open to MCR center ONLY) (All North Central Cancer Treatment Group \[NCCTG\] centers closed to accrual as of 02/17/11): * Concurrent therapy (courses 1 and 2): Patients receive oral everolimus and oral temozolomide and 3D-conformal radiotherapy or IMRT as in phase I. Patients will undergo a 4-6 week rest period in course 2 and then proceed to adjuvant therapy. * Adjuvant therapy with everolimus and temozolomide (courses 3-8): Patients receive oral everolimus and oral temozolomide as in phase I. * Adjuvant therapy with everolimus alone (courses 9 and all subsequent courses): Patients receive oral everolimus as in phase I. All patients undergo fludeoxyglucose (FDG)- or fluorothymidine-labeled PET/CT scans at baseline and periodically during treatment. Patients undergo blood sample collection periodically for pharmacological studies. Samples are analyzed for everolimus blood levels and correlated with 18FDG uptake suppression in tumor and normal brain via LC-MSMS. Previously collected tumor tissue are analyzed for protein biomarkers including PTEN gene expression levels via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and phosphorylation on Ser473 and Ser308 of Akt and MGMT expression and promoter methylation via IHC. Samples are also analyzed for DNA sequencing. Some samples are banked for future studies. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed every 2 months for 1 year, every 3 months for 1 year, and then every 6 months for 3 years. PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 138 patients (24 patients in phase I and 114 patients in phase II) will be accrued for this study.
Interventions
DRUGeverolimus
DRUGtemozolomide
RADIATIONradiation
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: * Histologically confirmed diagnosis of 1 of the following: * Glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4 astrocytoma) * Other grade 4 astrocytoma variants (e.g., giant cell) * No grade 4 oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas * Gliosarcoma * Newly diagnosed disease * Measurable disease ≥ 1 cm³ (phase I patients only) * Some patients may be registered on protocol NCCTG-947252 * No oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS: Inclusion criteria: * ECOG performance status 0-2 * ANC ≥ 1,500/μL * Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL * Platelet count ≥ 100,000/μL * Total bilirubin ≤ 2.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) * Serum total cholesterol \< 350 mg/dL * Serum total triglycerides \< 400 mg/dL * AST ≤ 2.5 x ULN * Creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN * Not pregnant or nursing * Negative pregnancy test * Fertile patients must use effective contraception during and for 60 days after completion of study therapy * Must be willing to undergo 2 mandatory research PET or PET/CT scans (all MCR and MCJ patients in phase I and MCR only patients in phase II) * Must be willing to abstain from eating or drinking grapefruit or grapefruit juice during study treatment * Must be willing to follow a diet low in fat and cholesterol while taking everolimus * Must be willing to have imaging scans submitted for central review * Ability to understand and willingness to sign a written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Other active cancers requiring therapy to control disease or prior cancer diagnoses which pose a greater than 30% risk of death within the next 2 years * Gastrointestinal tract disease resulting in an inability to take oral medication or a requirement for IV alimentation, prior surgical procedures affecting absorption, or active uncontrolled peptic ulcer disease * Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, any of the following: * Ongoing, uncontrolled, or active (acute or chronic) infection or disorder * Symptomatic congestive heart failure * Unstable angina pectoris * Cardiac arrhythmia * Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements * Severely impaired lung function * Uncontrolled diabetes (fasting serum glucose \> 2 x ULN) OR diabetes that would interfere with the performance of the FDG-PET/CT or FDG-PET scans * Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, or history of hepatitis B) * Known HIV positivity * Positive hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) or hepatitis C serology (HCV) tests * Any history of allergy or intolerance to dacarbazine (DTIC) * Significant traumatic injury within the past 21 days * Severe allergy to sulfa medications * Inability to tolerate levofloxacin with dapsone or pentamidine (inhaled or IV) PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY: Inclusion criteria: * At least 1 week, but no more than 6 weeks since prior surgical resection or biopsy * Must comply with antibiotic prophylaxis with either trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (daily or 3 times per week), oral dapsone (daily) combined with daily levofloxacin, or monthly pentamidine (inhaled or IV) combined with daily levofloxacin
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Everolimus (RAD001) in Combination With Temozolomide (TMZ) and 3D-conformal Radiotherapy (RT) or Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Followed by Adjuvant TMZ With or Without RAD001 (Phase I) | Up to 49 days | Patients were assessed during RT for dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), which were defined as failure to deliver greater than 75% of the planned doses of TMZ or RAD001 during RT, interruption of RT for more than 5 days because of toxicity, or the following: \>= Grade 3 diarrhea or skin rash; \>= Grade 4 neutropenia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia; \>= Grade 4 hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or hyperglycemia despite optimal medial management, other \>= 3 non-hematologic events; or \>= Grade 4 radiation dermatitis. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined a priori as the highest dose level at which 0 or 1 of 6 patients developed DLTs. The number of patients who developed DLTs are reported here by dose level, with the MTD reported in the statistical analysis section. |
| Overall Survival at 12 Months (Phase II) | at 12 months | The primary endpoint is overall survival at 12 months (OS12) after entry into this study. The proportion of successes will be estimated using the binomial point estimator (number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients) and the binomial 95% confidence interval estimated. A patient who is evaluable and survive more than 12 months (i.e. 365 days or more) after start of therapy will be classified as a success. Patients who die within 12 months after start of therapy will be considered to have failed. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Response Rate, as Measured in Patients Receiving FLT-PET Imaging (Phase II) | Up to 5 years | The response rate is defined as the percentage of patients receiving F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography (FLT-PET) imaging whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. A reduction in standardized uptake value (SUV) of 30% or greater in the T1-post-gadolinium scan volume of interest (T1-gad VOI) or the total tumor VOI will be considered a responsive tumor. |
| Time to Progression (Phase II) | Up to 5 years | Time-to-disease progression is defined as the time from start of study therapy to documentation of disease progression. Patients who die without documentation of progression will be considered to have had tumor progression at the time of death unless there is documented evidence that no progression occurred before death. Patients who fail to return for evaluation after beginning therapy will be censored for progression on the last day of therapy. Patients who experience major treatment violations will be censored for progression on the date of treatment violation occurred. The time-to-progression distribution will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Progression is defined as at least a 25% increase in product of perpendicular diameters of contrast enhancement or mass or unequivocal increase in size of contrast enhancement or increase in mass effect as agreed upon independently by primary physician and quality control physicians or appearance of new lesions. |
| Progression-free-survival at 6 Months (Phase II) | at 6 months | Progression-free-survival at 6 months: is the proportion of patients alive and progression-free at 6 months after start of regimen. This proportion will be estimated using the binomial point estimator and the binomial 95% confidence interval estimated. Progression is defined as at least a 25% increase in product of perpendicular diameters of contrast enhancement or mass or unequivocal increase in size of contrast enhancement or increase in mass effect as agreed upon independently by primary physician and quality control physicians or appearance of new lesions. |
| Overall Survival Time | Up to 15 years | Overall survival: The overall survival or survival time is defined as the time from registration to death due to any cause. The distribution of overall survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier method. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Phase I Cycle 1: Everolimus (either: 30, 50, or 70 mg) days 1, 8, and weekly through radiation therapy (RT). Starting between day 8 and 15 RT was 60 Gy (2 Gy x 30 fractions) 5 days/week on weekdays for 6 weeks. Temozolomide (TMZ) 75 mg/m2/day starting with, and continuing through, RT. Cycle 2: 4-6 week rest period post RT/TMZ/Everolimus. Cycles 3-8: (28-day cycles): TMZ 150 mg/m2 days 1-5 of cycle 3 and 200 mg/m2 days 1-5 of cycles 4-8. Cycle 3+: Everolimus (either: 30, 50, or 70 mg)/week (Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 for each cycle, until progression). Prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was required starting cycle 1 day1. | 18 |
| Phase II Cycle 1: Everolimus 70 mg days 1, 8, and weekly through radiation therapy (RT). Starting between day 8 and 15 RT was 60 Gy (2 Gy x 30 fractions) 5 days/week on weekdays for 6 weeks. Temozolomide (TMZ) 75 mg/m2/day starting with, and continuing through, RT. Cycle 2: 4-6 week rest period post RT/TMZ/Everolimus. Cycles 3-8: (28-day cycles): TMZ 150 mg/m2 days 1-5 of cycle 3 and 200 mg/m2 days 1-5 of cycles 4-8. Cycle 3+: Everolimus 70 mg/week (Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 for each cycle, until progression). Prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was required starting cycle 1 day1. | 104 |
| Total | 122 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Ineligible | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Protocol Violation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Phase I | Phase II | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 57.5 years | 61 years | 60.5 years |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 18 participants | 104 participants | 122 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants | 50 Participants | 59 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 9 Participants | 54 Participants | 63 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 18 / 18 | 99 / 101 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 5 / 18 | 32 / 101 |
Outcome results
Primary
Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Everolimus (RAD001) in Combination With Temozolomide (TMZ) and 3D-conformal Radiotherapy (RT) or Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Followed by Adjuvant TMZ With or Without RAD001 (Phase I)
Patients were assessed during RT for dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), which were defined as failure to deliver greater than 75% of the planned doses of TMZ or RAD001 during RT, interruption of RT for more than 5 days because of toxicity, or the following: \>= Grade 3 diarrhea or skin rash; \>= Grade 4 neutropenia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia; \>= Grade 4 hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or hyperglycemia despite optimal medial management, other \>= 3 non-hematologic events; or \>= Grade 4 radiation dermatitis. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined a priori as the highest dose level at which 0 or 1 of 6 patients developed DLTs. The number of patients who developed DLTs are reported here by dose level, with the MTD reported in the statistical analysis section.
Time frame: Up to 49 days
Population: Eighteen patients were enrolled in Phase I of the study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The dosage of RAD001 was escalated in cohorts of 6 patients.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I: Dose Level 0 | Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Everolimus (RAD001) in Combination With Temozolomide (TMZ) and 3D-conformal Radiotherapy (RT) or Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Followed by Adjuvant TMZ With or Without RAD001 (Phase I) | 1 participants who developed DLTs |
| Phase I: Dose Level 1 | Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Everolimus (RAD001) in Combination With Temozolomide (TMZ) and 3D-conformal Radiotherapy (RT) or Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Followed by Adjuvant TMZ With or Without RAD001 (Phase I) | 1 participants who developed DLTs |
| Phase I: Dose Level 2 | Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Everolimus (RAD001) in Combination With Temozolomide (TMZ) and 3D-conformal Radiotherapy (RT) or Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Followed by Adjuvant TMZ With or Without RAD001 (Phase I) | 1 participants who developed DLTs |
Primary
Overall Survival at 12 Months (Phase II)
The primary endpoint is overall survival at 12 months (OS12) after entry into this study. The proportion of successes will be estimated using the binomial point estimator (number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients) and the binomial 95% confidence interval estimated. A patient who is evaluable and survive more than 12 months (i.e. 365 days or more) after start of therapy will be classified as a success. Patients who die within 12 months after start of therapy will be considered to have failed.
Time frame: at 12 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I: Dose Level 0 | Overall Survival at 12 Months (Phase II) | 0.64 proportion of participants |
Secondary
Overall Survival Time
Overall survival: The overall survival or survival time is defined as the time from registration to death due to any cause. The distribution of overall survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier method.
Time frame: Up to 15 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I: Dose Level 0 | Overall Survival Time | 15.8 months |
Secondary
Progression-free-survival at 6 Months (Phase II)
Progression-free-survival at 6 months: is the proportion of patients alive and progression-free at 6 months after start of regimen. This proportion will be estimated using the binomial point estimator and the binomial 95% confidence interval estimated. Progression is defined as at least a 25% increase in product of perpendicular diameters of contrast enhancement or mass or unequivocal increase in size of contrast enhancement or increase in mass effect as agreed upon independently by primary physician and quality control physicians or appearance of new lesions.
Time frame: at 6 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I: Dose Level 0 | Progression-free-survival at 6 Months (Phase II) | 0.52 proportion of participants |
Secondary
Response Rate, as Measured in Patients Receiving FLT-PET Imaging (Phase II)
The response rate is defined as the percentage of patients receiving F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography (FLT-PET) imaging whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. A reduction in standardized uptake value (SUV) of 30% or greater in the T1-post-gadolinium scan volume of interest (T1-gad VOI) or the total tumor VOI will be considered a responsive tumor.
Time frame: Up to 5 years
Population: Of the 11 patients with measurable residual disease and pre-everolimus FLT-PET imaging, 2 did not have a second FLT-PET scan performed due to technical difficulties with FLT production, leaving 9 patients who could be assessed for changes in FLT uptake.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I: Dose Level 0 | Response Rate, as Measured in Patients Receiving FLT-PET Imaging (Phase II) | 44.4 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Time to Progression (Phase II)
Time-to-disease progression is defined as the time from start of study therapy to documentation of disease progression. Patients who die without documentation of progression will be considered to have had tumor progression at the time of death unless there is documented evidence that no progression occurred before death. Patients who fail to return for evaluation after beginning therapy will be censored for progression on the last day of therapy. Patients who experience major treatment violations will be censored for progression on the date of treatment violation occurred. The time-to-progression distribution will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Progression is defined as at least a 25% increase in product of perpendicular diameters of contrast enhancement or mass or unequivocal increase in size of contrast enhancement or increase in mass effect as agreed upon independently by primary physician and quality control physicians or appearance of new lesions.
Time frame: Up to 5 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Phase I: Dose Level 0 | Time to Progression (Phase II) | 6.4 months |