Bladder Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
Bladder Cancer, Urothelial Cancer, Avastin, Bevacizumab, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Methotrexate, Vinblastine, M-VAC
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical research study is to learn how well bladder cancer responds to a combination treatment with Avastin and M-VAC (methotrexate, doxorubicin, vinblastine, and cisplatin) before surgery to remove the tumor. Primary Objective: To estimate the response of patients with locally advanced urothelial cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a combination of Dose Dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Adriamycin, and Cisplatin (DD-M-VAC) plus Avastin followed by radical surgery with curative intent. In this context, response will be defined as the absence of residual muscle invasive cancer in the resected specimen (\<= pT1, N0.) Secondary Objective: To estimate the 4-year disease-free survival of patients with locally advanced urothelial cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with DD-M-VAC plus Avastin followed by radical surgery with curative intent. Document perioperative morbidity and mortality in this cohort, with reference to well-established historical standards. Determine the effects of VEGF inhibition on angiogenesis and angiogenesis-related gene expression utilizing fluorescent tissue staining techniques that we have developed in the laboratory (such as two-color TUNEL, phospho-receptor, and microvessel density). Interrogate downstream receptor signaling pathways to provide insight into the development of chemotherapy resistance, and hence hypothesis for its prevention.
Detailed description
Avastin is designed to prevent or slow down the growth of cancer cells by blocking the growth of blood vessels. Methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin are designed to disrupt the growth of cancer cells, which causes cancer cells to start to die. Cisplatin has an atom at its center that contains platinum. The platinum is designed to poison the cancer cells, which may cause them to eventually die. If you are found to be eligible to take part in this study, you will be treated with the combination of Avastin, methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. The study drugs and saline will be given through a needle in your vein. Avastin will be given over 90 minutes. Methotrexate will be given over 30 minutes. Vinblastine will be given over 30 minutes. Doxorubicin will be given over 15 minutes. Cisplatin will be given over 4 hours. You will also receive saline for hydration after you have completed the infusion of cisplatin. This will take up to 20 hours. If you have a catheter in place, the chemotherapy drugs as well as the saline will be given through the catheter. You will receive the study drugs 1 time every 2 weeks. Every 2 weeks is called a study cycle. On Day 1 of each cycle, you will have a physical exam, including measurement of your vital signs, height, and weight. You will be asked about any side effects you have experienced since your last visit. Blood (about 2 teaspoons) and urine will be collected for routine tests. After 3 cycles of therapy, you will have a bone scan if your screening test showed signs of bone disease. You will also have a repeat cystoscopy. These tests will be done to check the status of the disease. You will receive a total of 4 cycles of chemotherapy. At least 6 weeks after the last dose of Avastin, you will have a cystectomy (removal of your tumor). Your doctor will explain this procedure to you in detail. You will sign a separate consent form for this procedure. After surgery, if you do not have disease in your lymph nodes or other sites, you will be taken off-study. After surgery, if you still have disease in your lymph nodes or other sites, you will be eligible to continue treatment with Avastin. Therapy can be restarted no sooner than 28 days after your surgery. You will receive Avastin every 2 or 3 weeks through a needle in your vein. Every 2 or 3 weeks will be considered a study cycle. Before each cycle of treatment, blood (about 1 teaspoon) will be drawn for routine tests. Urine will be collected every cycle for routine testing. Every 3 months you will have a CT scan or MRI to check the status of the disease. You may continue to receive the study drug for up to 18 months of therapy. You will be taken off study in the disease gets worse or intolerable side effects occur. Once you are off-study, you will have long term follow-up visits every 3-6 months for the first 30 months and then every year after that. These visits will continue for up to 4 years, or longer if your doctor thinks it is necessary. At these visits, you will have a CT or MRI scan of your abdomen and pelvis and a chest x-ray. Blood (about 1 teaspoons) will be drawn for routine testing. This is an investigational study. Avastin is not FDA approved or commercially available for this indication. Its use in this study is considered to be investigational. Methotrexate, doxorubicin, vinblastine, and cisplatin are all FDA approved and commercially available. Up to 60 patients will take part in this study. All will be enrolled at MD Anderson.
Interventions
DRUGAvastin
10 mg/kg by vein over 90 minutes
DRUGCisplatin
70 mg/m\^2 by vein over 4 hours
DRUGDoxorubicin
30 mg/m\^2 by vein over 15 minutes
DRUGMethotrexate
30 mg/m\^2 by vein over 30 minutes
DRUGVinblastine Sulfate
3 mg/m\^2 by vein over 30 minutes
Sponsors
Genentech, Inc.
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Patients must have histologic proof of urothelial cancer. Patients with all histologic subtypes are eligible as long as transitional cell carcinoma predominant, with 2 exceptions: * More than a few clusters of small cell carcinoma are treated with different chemotherapy and are ineligible for this study * Patients with micropapillary tumor will be allowed irrespective of the extent of transitional cell carcinoma. A transitional cell component is not required in the setting of pure or extensive micropapillary tumors. Note that minor histologic components are acceptable. 2. Patients with primary tumors arising in the bladder or urethra are eligible if they demonstrate any of the following features: * A 3-dimensional mass on examination under anesthesia (EUA); ie: cT3b disease * Direct invasion of prostatic stroma or the vaginal wall: ie:cT4a disease * Lymphovascular invasion on the specimen with \>/= cT1 disease * Hydronephrosis present on CT scan or on renal ultrasound * Tumor involving bladder diverticulum. 3. Patients with more than a few areas of micropapillary histology are eligible, even if they do not meet the anatomic criteria for locally advanced disease enumerated above. Patients with micropapillary histology will be analyzed as a separate cohort. 4. Patients with primary tumors arising in the ureter or renal pelvis are eligible they have either grade 3 tumor, or a radiographic abnormality large enough to recognize as an abnormal mass by CT or MRI imaging. These patients may also be analyzed separately, since we do not have benchmark data for upper tract disease. 5. Patients must have an evaluation in the department of urology, and be deemed an acceptable surgical candidate. 6. Patients must have adequate physiologic reserves as by: * Zubrod performance status (PS) of \</= 1; or 2 if of recent onset and due entirely to the cancer and not due to comorbidity (especially if the compromised performance status is related to uncontrolled pain which is expected to be rapidly reversible when therapy starts) * Normal WBC, ANC \>/= 1,800, and platelet count \>/= 150,000. Supranormal values judged to be of benign or inconsequential etiology are acceptable * Transaminase (AST or ALT) \</= 3 \* the ULN * Conjugated bilirubin \</= 1.5 mg/dl (or total bilirubin \</= 2.5 mg/dl) * Normal Serum Creatinine or Creatinine clearance (either measured or by Cockcroft-Gault formula) of \>/= 50 ml/min.Cockcroft-Gault: CLcr = \[(140-age) \* wt(kg)\]/\[72 \* Cr(mg/dL)\] (For females, multiply by 0.85) 7. Patients (Pts) must NOT have clinical evidence of disease beyond the involved organ by either CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis, and chest X-ray. Pts with lymph node involvement are not eligible. In absence of a bone scan, pts should be free of bone pain and have an alk. phos. \< 150% of the ULN, or a normal bone fraction of alk. phos. If these features are present, pts should have a bone scan and this should be interpreted as showing no evidence of metastatic disease to be eligible. In case of bladder tumors, cancer invading local organs (pT4a) but not pelvis sidewall (pT4b) are allowed. 8. Patients must have a determination of LV function with an EF \>/= 50% to participate. 9. Women of child-bearing potential (i.e., who has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months) must have a negative pregnancy test. Elevations of BHCG which are related to tumor (and not the rapid escalation associated with pregnancy, i.e. doubling time of 3-5 days) are acceptable. 10. Patients of child-bearing or child-fathering potential must agree to use an acceptable form of birth control while on the study, i.e. condoms. 11. Patients with second malignancies are eligible provided that the expected outcome from the second cancer is such that this will not interfere in the delivery of this therapy, or the assessment of response in the cystectomy specimen. The expected survival from the prior malignancy should reliably be \> 4 years to be eligible for this study. 12. Patients must be \>/= 18 years of age.
Exclusion criteria
1. Patients must not have current, recent (within 3 weeks), or planned participation with other experimental medication clinical trials. 2. Prior systemic cytoreductive chemotherapy for bladder cancer. Please note, that prior intra-vesical therapy is allowed. 3. Blood pressure of \> 140/90 mmHg. Patients whose blood pressure is controlled with oral medication are eligible, as long as the blood pressure is \</= 140/90 mmHg. 4. Any prior history of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy. 5. New York Heart Association (NYHA) Grade II or greater congestive heart failure. 6. History of myocardial infarction or unstable angina within 6 months prior to study enrollment. 7. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack within 6 months prior to study enrollment. 8. Clinically significant peripheral vascular disease (e.g., aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection). 9. Symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. 10. Evidence of bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy. 11. Known history of central nervous system or brain metastases. 12. Major surgical procedure, open biopsy, or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to Day 1, anticipation of need for major surgical procedure during the course of the study. For the purpose of this study, Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy is not included as a major surgical procedure. 13. Lactating women. 14. Proteinuria at screening as demonstrated by either: * Urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio \>/= 1.0 at screening OR * Urine dipstick for proteinuria \> 2+ (or \> 100 protein on urinalysis) Patients discovered to have \>2+ proteinuria on dipstick urinalysis or \>100 on urinalysis at baseline should undergo a 24 hour urine collection and must demonstrate \<= 1g of protein in 24 hours to be eligible. 15. History of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months prior to therapy. Patients with Crohn's disease will be excluded. 16. Serious, non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture. 17. Lung carcinoma of squamous cell histology or any histology in close proximity to a major vessel, cavitation, or history of hemoptysis (bright red blood of 1/2 teaspoon or more; non-small cell lung cancer trials only). 18. Inability to comply with study and/or follow-up procedures, or sign informed consent. 19. Patients who are not candidates for surgery, or are unwilling to undergo surgery. 20. Patients with fluid collections (such as ascites, or pleural effusions) are not eligible for therapy as such collections may serve as a reservoir for methotrexate. 21. Know hypersensitivity to any component of Avastin.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants With Response Defined as the Absence of Residual Muscle Invasive Cancer in Resected Specimen | Following 20 weeks of chemotherapy | Number of participants out of total with a response defined as downstaging to \<= pT1N0 in the resected specimen. A binary variable was defined for downstaging (pathologic stage below initial clinical stage and below pT1N1N0M0); staging using American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system of TNM; T describes size tumor & cancer spread into nearby tissue; N describes spread to nearby lymph nodes; & M describes metastasis (spread to other parts of body). Numbers after T (such as T1, T2, T3, and T4) describe tumor size and/or amount of spread into nearby structures, higher the T number, the larger the tumor and/or more it has grown into nearby tissues. Responses of lesser magnitude scored as treatment failure. Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria do not apply for this cohort of neoadjuvant participants since this study does not require measurable disease by traditional assessment. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 5-year Overall Survival (OS) | 5 years | The overall survival rate stated as a five-year survival rate, which is the percentage of participants in study who are alive five years after the start of treatment. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment Period: June 1, 2007 to December 13, 2010. All recruitment done at The University of Texas (UT) MD Anderson Cancer.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With M-VAC + Avastin Avastin 10 mg/kg intravenous (IV) over 90 minutes. Cisplatin 70 mg/m\^2 IV over 4 hours. Doxorubicin 30 mg/m\^2 IV over 15 minutes. Methotrexate 30 mg/m\^2 IV over 30 minutes. Vinblastine Sulfate 3 mg/m\^2 IV over 30 minutes. | 60 |
| Total | 60 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With M-VAC + Avastin |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 64 years |
| Clinical Stage T1N0M0 | 4 participants |
| Clinical Stage T2N0M0 | 13 participants |
| Clinical Stage T3-4a N0M0 | 27 participants |
| High risk feature Diverticula | 1 participants |
| High risk feature High-grade upper tract tumor | 16 participants |
| High risk feature Hydronephrosis | 20 participants |
| High risk feature Lymphovascular invasion | 23 participants |
| High risk feature Three-dimensional mass on exam under anesthesia | 27 participants |
| Histology of Urothelial Cancer Mixed | 12 participants |
| Histology of Urothelial Cancer Mixed, Micropapillary | 8 participants |
| Histology of Urothelial Cancer Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) | 48 participants |
| Primary Site Bladder/Urethra | 44 participants |
| Primary Site Renal Pelvis/Ureter | 16 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 60 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 20 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 40 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 33 / 60 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 6 / 60 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Participants With Response Defined as the Absence of Residual Muscle Invasive Cancer in Resected Specimen
Number of participants out of total with a response defined as downstaging to \<= pT1N0 in the resected specimen. A binary variable was defined for downstaging (pathologic stage below initial clinical stage and below pT1N1N0M0); staging using American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system of TNM; T describes size tumor & cancer spread into nearby tissue; N describes spread to nearby lymph nodes; & M describes metastasis (spread to other parts of body). Numbers after T (such as T1, T2, T3, and T4) describe tumor size and/or amount of spread into nearby structures, higher the T number, the larger the tumor and/or more it has grown into nearby tissues. Responses of lesser magnitude scored as treatment failure. Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria do not apply for this cohort of neoadjuvant participants since this study does not require measurable disease by traditional assessment.
Time frame: Following 20 weeks of chemotherapy
Population: All 60 participants completed at least 1 cycle of chemotherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With M-VAC + Avastin | Percentage of Participants With Response Defined as the Absence of Residual Muscle Invasive Cancer in Resected Specimen | pT1N0 | 53 Percentage of Participants |
| Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With M-VAC + Avastin | Percentage of Participants With Response Defined as the Absence of Residual Muscle Invasive Cancer in Resected Specimen | pT0N0 | 38 Percentage of Participants |
Secondary
5-year Overall Survival (OS)
The overall survival rate stated as a five-year survival rate, which is the percentage of participants in study who are alive five years after the start of treatment.
Time frame: 5 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With M-VAC + Avastin | 5-year Overall Survival (OS) | 63 Percentage of Participants |