Breast Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
stage II breast cancer, stage IIIA breast cancer, stage IIIB breast cancer, stage IIIC breast cancer
Brief summary
RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Injecting the patient's dendritic cells directly into the tumor may stimulate the immune system and stop tumor cells from growing. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill tumor cells. Estrogen can cause the growth of breast cancer cells. Hormone therapy using tamoxifen may fight breast cancer by blocking the use of estrogen by the tumor cells. Giving combination chemotherapy together with autologous dendritic cells before surgery may make the tumor smaller and reduce the amount of normal tissue that needs to be removed. Giving radiation therapy and hormone therapy after surgery may kill any tumor cells that remain after surgery. PURPOSE: This phase II trial is studying the side effects and how well giving paclitaxel together with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin followed by autologous dendritic cells and surgery with or without radiation therapy and/or hormone therapy works in treating women with stage II or stage III breast cancer.
Detailed description
OBJECTIVES: * Assess the safety of intratumoral (IT) autologous dendritic cell (DC) injection in women with stage II or III breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride followed by surgery with or without adjuvant radiotherapy and/or hormone therapy. * Determine the clinical and pathologic response in patients treated with this regimen. * Determine the immune response, in terms of tumor cell apoptosis and the presence and characterization of tumor infiltrating white blood cells in resected breast cancer, in patients treated with this regimen. * Determine if IT DC injections administered during neoadjuvant chemotherapy-induced tumor cell apoptosis can induce T-cell responses to tumor antigens in these patients. OUTLINE: This is an open-label study. * Leukapheresis: Patients undergo leukapheresis at baseline to collect peripheral blood mononuclear cells for dendritic cell (DC) culture. * Neoadjuvant, dose-dense chemotherapy: Patients receive paclitaxel IV over at least 3 hours on day 1 and filgrastim (G-CSF) subcutaneously (SC) on days 4-14 or pegfilgrastim SC on day 2. Treatment repeats every 2 weeks for up to 4 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Beginning 2 weeks after completion of paclitaxel chemotherapy, patients receive cyclophosphamide IV and doxorubicin hydrochloride IV on day 1 and G-CSF SC on days 4-14 or pegfilgrastim SC on day 2. Treatment repeats every 2 weeks for up to 4 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. * Intratumoral injection of autologous DCs: Intratumoral autologous DCs are injected into the primary breast mass or palpable axillary node on day 7 of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd courses of paclitaxel chemotherapy. If no tumor can be localized by ultrasound after a course of chemotherapy, the DCs are then injected into the site of the tumor bed previously localized by clip or marker. In the event that the previously injected primary tumor cannot be localized by ultrasound, a palpable lymph node, if still present, should be injected rather than the tissue next to the primary tumor clip or marker. * Definitive breast surgery: Within 2-4 weeks after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients undergo modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy with or without standard axillary node dissection.\* NOTE: \*Standard axillary node dissection is only required if no node assessment was done prior to chemotherapy or if the pre-chemotherapy sentinel node was positive. * Radiotherapy: Patients undergoing lumpectomy or those with residual disease requiring chest wall radiotherapy after mastectomy (e.g., T3 or T4 breast lesions or 4 or more axillary lymph nodes) undergo radiotherapy 2-4 weeks after surgery. * Hormone therapy: Patients with estrogen and/or progesterone receptor-positive tumors receive adjuvant hormone therapy for ≥ 5 years. Premenopausal patients receive tamoxifen citrate and post- or perimenopausal patients receive either tamoxifen citrate or an aromatase inhibitor (AI), or both of these drugs in sequence, as determined by the treating oncologist. Peripheral blood samples are obtained during each DC injection, at staging/biopsy, and then periodically for up to 2 years. Blood samples are analyzed by ELISPOT and ELISA assays for evaluation of immune response. Tumor tissue is obtained by core biopsy of the breast primary and/or palpable axillary lymph node at baseline and again after completion of paclitaxel chemotherapy. Tumor tissue is analyzed by IHC and RT-PCR for COX-2 and VEGF-A and -C expression levels, as well as T-cell and DC infiltration of the tumor. T-cell and DC infiltration is evaluated for correlation with clinical outcomes at diagnosis, at the midpoint biopsy following paclitaxel chemotherapy, and at definitive surgery. After completion of study therapy, patients are followed periodically for up to 2 years.
Interventions
BIOLOGICALtherapeutic autologous dendritic cells
injected into the primary breast mass or palpable axillary node, one week after the first, second and third T treatments. If, after a cycle(s) of chemotherapy, no tumor can be localized by ultrasound, the DCs will be injected where the tumor bed was localized by the clip or marker.
Adjuvant hormone therapy for patients having tumors with estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. Premenopausal patients will be treated with tamoxifen. Post or perimenopausal women may receive tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or those drugs in sequence as determined by the treating oncologist. Hormone therapy will be given for at least 5 years.
DRUGcyclophosphamide
600 mg/m2 IV day 1 every 2 weeks for 4 cycles
DRUGdoxorubicin hydrochloride
60 mg/m2 IV day 1 every 2 weeks for 4 cycles
DRUGpaclitaxel
175 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) over at least 3 hours day 1 every 2 weeks for 4 cycles.
DRUGtamoxifen citrate
Adjuvant hormone therapy for patients having tumors with estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. Premenopausal patients will be treated with tamoxifen. Post or perimenopausal women may receive tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or those drugs in sequence as determined by the treating oncologist. Hormone therapy will be given for at least 5 years.
GENETICgene expression analysis
IHC for CEA and Survivin with appropriate controls will be done on the tumor biopsy material (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy).
GENETICprotein expression analysis
Tumor biopsymaterial (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy) will be stained by IHC with appropriate controls for COX-2, VEGF A, T cell and Dendritic Cell infiltration.
GENETICreverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
delta Ct (quantitative real time- reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)) of COX-2 and VEGF will be divided into the upper or lower median and Fisher Exact test used to assess the difference in response.
OTHERimmunoenzyme technique
Estrogen and progesterone receptor, Her2/neu testing: Tumor biopsy material (preferably the initial diagnostic biopsy if tissue is available) will be examined by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with appropriate controls for estrogen, progesterone receptors and Her2/neu. If the IHC is 2+ or in the indeterminate range, further testing of over-expression of Her2/neu by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) will be done . If this has already been done and reported by the referring hospital, it will not be repeated. These tests are standard of care. CEA and Survivin testing: IHC for CEA and Survivin with appropriate controls will be done on the tumor biopsy material (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy). COX-2 and VEGF A , T cell and Dendritic Cells: Tumor biopsymaterial (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy) will be stained by IHC with appropriate controls for COX-2, VEGF A, T cell and Dendritic Cell infiltration.
OTHERimmunohistochemistry staining method
Estrogen and progesterone receptor, Her2/neu testing: Tumor biopsy material (preferably the initial diagnostic biopsy if tissue is available) will be examined by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with appropriate controls for estrogen, progesterone receptors and Her2/neu. If the IHC is 2+ or in the indeterminate range, further testing of over-expression of Her2/neu by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) will be done . If this has already been done and reported by the referring hospital, it will not be repeated. These tests are standard of care. CEA and Survivin testing: IHC for CEA and Survivin with appropriate controls will be done on the tumor biopsy material (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy). COX-2 and VEGF A , T cell and Dendritic Cells: Tumor biopsymaterial (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy) will be stained by IHC with appropriate controls for COX-2, VEGF A, T cell and Dendritic Cell infiltration.
OTHERlaboratory biomarker analysis
Estrogen and progesterone receptor, Her2/neu testing: Tumor biopsy material (preferably the initial diagnostic biopsy if tissue is available) will be examined by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with appropriate controls for estrogen, progesterone receptors and Her2/neu. If the IHC is 2+ or in the indeterminate range, further testing of over-expression of Her2/neu by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) will be done . If this has already been done and reported by the referring hospital, it will not be repeated. These tests are standard of care. CEA and Survivin testing: IHC for CEA and Survivin with appropriate controls will be done on the tumor biopsy material (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy). COX-2 and VEGF A , T cell and Dendritic Cells: Tumor biopsymaterial (preferably from the initial diagnostic biopsy) will be stained by IHC with appropriate controls for COX-2, VEGF A, T cell and Dendritic Cell infiltration.
PROCEDUREadjuvant therapy
Hormone manipulation Adjuvant hormone therapy for patients having tumors with estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. Premenopausal patients will be treated with tamoxifen. Post or perimenopausal women may receive tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or those drugs in sequence as determined by the treating oncologist. Hormone therapy will be given for at least 5 years.
PROCEDUREbiopsy
Two tumor biopsies will be performed. The first tumor biopsy will be performed before apheresis for diagnostic purposes, and again after completion of the first four chemotherapy treatments. Patients will undergo local anesthesia with lidocaine and 1% epinephrine followed by 1-2 core biopsies of the breast primary and/or palpable axillary node with a 14 gauge, 16 cm. Bard needle or other similar needle. The procedure may be done under ultrasound guidance. If a metal clip or marker has not been previously placed in the tumor, it will be placed before treatment.
PROCEDUREconventional surgery
Definitive breast surgery Surgery will occur two to four weeks after the last course of chemotherapy. Modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy and standard axillary dissection could be performed and the specific procedure will be decided by the patient and physician team. If a sentinel node dissection was done prior to chemotherapy and was negative, no further node dissection is necessary. A standard node dissection will be necessary if no node assessment was done prior to chemotherapy or if the pre- chemotherapy sentinel node was positive.
PROCEDUREneoadjuvant therapy
Chemotherapy: Paclitaxel (T) 175 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) over at least 3 hours day 1. Repeat every 2 weeks for 4 cycles. IT DCs will be injected into the primary breast mass or palpable axillary node, one week after the first, second and third T treatments.
RADIATIONradiation therapy
Radiation therapy Radiation is started two to four weeks after surgery for all patients receiving lumpectomy and those patients after mastectomy that the physician feels chest wall radiation is warranted (example: T3 or T4 breast lesion, four or more axillary nodes etc.). The exact doses and methods of administration will be determined by the treating radiation therapist, but should be standard breast radiotherapy and not partial breast or investigational methods.
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
University of Nebraska
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
19 Years to 120 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer meeting the following criteria: * Primary tumor ≥ 3 cm by mammography, ultrasound, or palpation AND/OR palpable axillary lymph nodes \> 1 cm * Survivin- and/or carcinoembryonic antigen-positive by IHC * Tumor must be localized by exam or ultrasound to allow tumor injection * No stage IV or metastatic disease * HER2/neu-negative tumor by IHC o If 2+ or in the indeterminate range, further testing of HER2/neu overexpression by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is required * Hormone receptor status known * Female * Pre-, peri-, or postmenopausal * ECOG performance status 0-1 * Fertile patients must use effective contraception during and for up to 6 months following completion of study therapy * ANC ≥ 1,500/mm³ * Platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm³ * Alkaline phosphatase ≤ 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) * Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times ULN * AST and ALT ≤ 1.5 times ULN * Creatinine \< 1.5 times ULN
Exclusion criteria
* No prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy * No active serious infections * No prior malignancy except adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, noninvasive carcinoma, or other cancer from which the patient has been disease free for 5 years * No comorbidity or condition that would interfere with study assessments and procedures or preclude study participation * Not pregnant or nursing/negative pregnancy test
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Patients With Pathological Complete Response | At definitive surgery. | Assessed by the institutional pathologist. * Grade 1: disappearance of all tumor on microscopic assessment in the breast and LNs * Grade 2: presence of in situ carcinoma only in the breast, no invasive tumor, and no tumor found in the LNs * Grade 3: presence of invasive carcinoma with stromal alteration, such as sclerosis or fibrosis * Grade 4: no or few modifications of the tumor appearance |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Cell Infiltration | Post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) after the last chemotherapy. | T cell response to tumor-specific Ag, will be measured by ELISPOT assay with a biologic response defined as double the average ELISPOT reactivity in post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) compared to pre-vaccination PB. |
| Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity | Post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) after the last chemotherapy. | T cell response to tumor-specific Ag, will be measured by ELISPOT assay with a biologic response defined as double the average ELISPOT reactivity in post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) compared to pre-vaccination PB. |
| Influence of Tumor COX-2 and VEGF Expression on Dendritic Cell-mediated Tumor-specific Immunity | Post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) after the last chemotherapy. | T cell response to tumor-specific Ag, will be measured by ELISPOT assay with a biologic response defined as double the average ELISPOT reactivity in post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) compared to pre-vaccination PB. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Vaccine Patients with HER-2/neu negative tumors received therapeutic autologous dendritic cells: injected into the primary breast mass or palpable axillary node, one week after the first, second and third T treatments.
Adjuvant hormone therapy for patients having tumors with estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. Premenopausal patients will be treated with tamoxifen. Post or perimenopausal women may receive tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor.
Patients received 4 cycles of paclitaxel: 175 mg/m2 (IV), followed by 4 cycles of cyclophosphamide: 600 mg/m2 IV and doxorubicin hydrochloride: 60 mg/m2 IV in a bi-weekly dose dense fashion
All patients had pre-treatment biopsy and second tumor biopsy after 4 cycles of paclitaxel to evaluate responses to the dendritic cell injections. | 14 |
| Total | 14 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Not evaluable | 3 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Vaccine |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 51.5 years |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 3 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 3 / 3 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 3 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Patients With Pathological Complete Response
Assessed by the institutional pathologist. * Grade 1: disappearance of all tumor on microscopic assessment in the breast and LNs * Grade 2: presence of in situ carcinoma only in the breast, no invasive tumor, and no tumor found in the LNs * Grade 3: presence of invasive carcinoma with stromal alteration, such as sclerosis or fibrosis * Grade 4: no or few modifications of the tumor appearance
Time frame: At definitive surgery.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Vaccine | Number of Patients With Pathological Complete Response | 2 participants |
Secondary
Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
T cell response to tumor-specific Ag, will be measured by ELISPOT assay with a biologic response defined as double the average ELISPOT reactivity in post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) compared to pre-vaccination PB.
Time frame: Post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) after the last chemotherapy.
Population: Evaluation of this data is unknown as was not provided by collaborating center performing the analysis.
Secondary
Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
T cell response to tumor-specific Ag, will be measured by ELISPOT assay with a biologic response defined as double the average ELISPOT reactivity in post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) compared to pre-vaccination PB.
Time frame: Post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) after the last chemotherapy.
Population: Evaluation of this data is unknown as was not provided by collaborating center performing the analysis.
Secondary
Influence of Tumor COX-2 and VEGF Expression on Dendritic Cell-mediated Tumor-specific Immunity
T cell response to tumor-specific Ag, will be measured by ELISPOT assay with a biologic response defined as double the average ELISPOT reactivity in post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) compared to pre-vaccination PB.
Time frame: Post-vaccination peripheral blood (PB) after the last chemotherapy.
Population: Evaluation of this data is unknown as was not provided by collaborating center performing the analysis.