Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Neoplasm
Conditions
Keywords
primary systemic amyloidosis
Brief summary
RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as melphalan and dexamethasone, work in different ways to stop the growth of plasma cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Having an autologous stem cell transplant to replace the blood-forming cells destroyed by chemotherapy, allows higher doses of chemotherapy to be given so that more plasma cells are killed. By reducing the number of plasma cells, the disease may progress more slowly. It is not yet known whether combination chemotherapy is more effective than chemotherapy followed by an autologous stem cell transplant in treating primary systemic amyloidosis. PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial is studying the side effects and how well giving low-dose melphalan together with dexamethasone works compared with high-dose melphalan followed by an autologous stem cell transplant in treating patients with primary systemic amyloidosis.
Detailed description
OBJECTIVES: Primary * Compare hematologic response rate in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis treated with conventional chemotherapy comprising low-dose melphalan and dexamethasone vs high-dose melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. * Compare the toxicity of these regimens in these patients. Secondary * Compare the overall and progression-free survival of patients treated with these regimens. * Compare the regression of organ involvement in patients treated with these regimens. * Compare the duration of response in patients treated with these regimens. * Correlate clonal burden and time to in vitro amyloid formation with clinical outcomes in patients treated with these regimens. * Compare quality of life of patients treated with these regimens. * Compare the information-seeking behavior in patients treated with these regimens. OUTLINE: This is a comprehensive cohort study comprising a randomized option and a nonrandomized option. Patients consenting to randomization are stratified by risk group (high vs low) and ECOG performance status (0-1 vs 2). They are then randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms. Patients not consenting to randomization choose their treatment arm. * Arm I: Patients receive low-dose melphalan IV over 15-30 minutes on day 1 or orally once daily on days 1-7 and oral dexamethasone on days 1-4 and 22-25. Treatment repeats every 6 weeks for 10 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. * Arm II: Patients receive filgrastim (G-CSF) on days -7 to -3 and undergo autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) collection. Patients receive high-dose melphalan IV over 1 hour on days -2 and -1 and undergo autologous HSC transplantation on day 0. Blood and bone marrow samples are collected at baseline. Samples are examined by PCR, cDNA, and nucleotide sequence analysis to determine VH and VL gene families and carrier status. Urine is collected at baseline and analyzed for light-chain protein levels by exclusion chromatography. Quality of life is assessed at baseline, at months 3, 9, and 12, at completion of study treatment, and then every 6 months for up to 5 years. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed every 6 months for up to 10 years.
Interventions
BIOLOGICALfilgrastim
No administration information given
DRUGdexamethasone
Given orally
DRUGmelphalan
Given IV or orally
PROCEDUREautologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Given on day 0
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Mayo Clinic
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: * Histologically confirmed primary systemic amyloidosis * Amyloid light-chain (AL) disease * Monoclonal protein by immunoelectrophoresis or immunofixation of the serum or urine OR abnormal free light-chain ratio * The following amyloid syndromes\* are allowed: * Amyloid hepatomegaly * Cardiomyopathy * Proteinuria * Peripheral or autonomic neuropathy * Soft tissue involvement including the tongue, submandibular tissues, and vascular claudication * Diffuse interstitial pulmonary AL disease allowed if pulmonary function is adequate to allow safe transplantation NOTE: \*Presence of amyloid deposits in a plasmacytoma or in bone marrow vessels in an asymptomatic patient does not constitute an amyloid syndrome * No secondary or familial amyloidosis * No multiple myeloma with lytic or destructive bone lesions or myeloma cast nephropathy * No multiple myeloma with \> 30% plasma cells in the bone marrow * No amyloidosis manifested only by carpal tunnel syndrome or purpura PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS: * ECOG performance status 0-2 * Platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm³ * Bilirubin ≤ 2.0 times upper limit of normal (ULN) * Alkaline phosphatase ≤ 6 times ULN * Creatinine ≤ 3.0 mg/dL * No NYHA class IV heart disease * Not pregnant or nursing * Negative pregnancy test * Fertile patients must use effective contraception * No uncontrolled infection * No HIV positivity PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY: * Prior alkylating agents, immunosuppressive drugs, or steroids allowed provided they were given for \< 1 month * Therapeutic steroid doses of ≤ 15 mg per day (or equivalent) allowed at discretion of physician * No concurrent participation in another clinical trial involving a pharmacologic agent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hematologic Response Rate | 10 years | Response that was confirmed on 2 consecutive evaluations during treatment. A hematologic response consisted of a Complete response, Very Good Partial Response or Partial Response. * Complete Response (CR): Complete disappearance of M-protein from serum and urine on immunofixation, normalization of Free Light Chain (FLC) ratio and \<5% plasma cells in bone marrow. * Very Good Partial Response (VGPR): \>=90% reduction in serum M-component; Urine M-Component \<=100 mg per 24 hours. * Partial Response (PR): \>=50% reduction in serum M-component and/or Urine M-Component \>=90% reduction or \<200 mg per 24 hours; or \>=50% decrease in difference between involved and uninvolved FLC levels. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 3 Year Overall Survival | 3 years | Percentage of patients who were alive at 3 years. The 3-year survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. |
| Organ Response to Treatment | 10 years | Organ response was evaluated on the basis of improvement of one or more affected organ; only one parameter was required to satisfy the criteria. Response needed to be maintained for a minimum of 3 months to be considered valid. Renal response required a 50% reduction in 24-hour urine protein excretion (at least 0.5 g/d) with stable creatinine. Cardiac response required one of \>= 2-mm reduction in the interventricular septal (IVS) thickness by echocardiogram, or improvement of ejection fraction by \>= 20%, or improvement by 2 NYHA classes without an increase in diuretic use. Hepatic response required either \>= 50% decrease in (or normalization of) an initially elevated alkaline phosphatase level or reduction in the size of the liver by at least 2 cm by radiographic determination. Gastrointestinal tract improvement was defined as normalization of a low serum carotene level, or reduction of diarrhea to \< 50% of previous movements/day, or decrease in fecal fat excretion by 50%. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
From October 2005 to August 2012, 89 participants were recruited.
Pre-assignment details
This study was originally designed as a randomized Phase III clinical trial; however the unwillingness of participants to be randomized to treatment led to changes. The protocol was amended to allow participants to choose between the two regimens.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Low-Dose Melphalan Patients receive low-dose melphalan 20 mg/m\^2 IV over 15-30 minutes on day 1 or 0.12 mg/kg tablet orally once daily on days 1-7 and dexamethasone 40 mg orally on days 1-4 and 22-25. Treatment repeats every 6 weeks for 10 courses. (Study treatment beyond one year is not allowed.) | 34 |
| High-Dose Melphalan + Autologous HSC Patients receive filgrastim (G-CSF) 10 mg/kg/day on days -7 to -3 and undergo autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) collection. Patients receive high-dose melphalan 140 mg/m\^2 IV for low risk or 200 mg/m\^2 IV for high risk patients over 1 hour on days -2 and -1 and undergo autologous HSC transplantation on day 0. | 55 |
| Total | 89 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 3 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Alternative treatment | 3 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Death | 2 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Disease progression | 6 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 3 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Low-Dose Melphalan | High-Dose Melphalan + Autologous HSC | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 62 years | 57 years | 59 years |
| ECOG Performance Score 0-1 | 25 participants | 50 participants | 75 participants |
| ECOG Performance Score 2 | 9 participants | 5 participants | 14 participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 32 Participants | 51 Participants | 83 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 34 participants | 55 participants | 89 participants |
| Risk Group High | 14 participants | 17 participants | 31 participants |
| Risk Group Low | 20 participants | 38 participants | 58 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 17 Participants | 16 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 17 Participants | 39 Participants | 56 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 34 / 34 | 55 / 55 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 6 / 34 | 3 / 55 |
Outcome results
Primary
Hematologic Response Rate
Response that was confirmed on 2 consecutive evaluations during treatment. A hematologic response consisted of a Complete response, Very Good Partial Response or Partial Response. * Complete Response (CR): Complete disappearance of M-protein from serum and urine on immunofixation, normalization of Free Light Chain (FLC) ratio and \<5% plasma cells in bone marrow. * Very Good Partial Response (VGPR): \>=90% reduction in serum M-component; Urine M-Component \<=100 mg per 24 hours. * Partial Response (PR): \>=50% reduction in serum M-component and/or Urine M-Component \>=90% reduction or \<200 mg per 24 hours; or \>=50% decrease in difference between involved and uninvolved FLC levels.
Time frame: 10 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Low-Dose Melphalan | Hematologic Response Rate | 55.9 percentage of participants |
| High-Dose Melphalan + Autologous HSC | Hematologic Response Rate | 69.1 percentage of participants |
Secondary
3 Year Overall Survival
Percentage of patients who were alive at 3 years. The 3-year survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method.
Time frame: 3 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Low-Dose Melphalan | 3 Year Overall Survival | 58.8 percentage of participants |
| High-Dose Melphalan + Autologous HSC | 3 Year Overall Survival | 83.6 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Organ Response to Treatment
Organ response was evaluated on the basis of improvement of one or more affected organ; only one parameter was required to satisfy the criteria. Response needed to be maintained for a minimum of 3 months to be considered valid. Renal response required a 50% reduction in 24-hour urine protein excretion (at least 0.5 g/d) with stable creatinine. Cardiac response required one of \>= 2-mm reduction in the interventricular septal (IVS) thickness by echocardiogram, or improvement of ejection fraction by \>= 20%, or improvement by 2 NYHA classes without an increase in diuretic use. Hepatic response required either \>= 50% decrease in (or normalization of) an initially elevated alkaline phosphatase level or reduction in the size of the liver by at least 2 cm by radiographic determination. Gastrointestinal tract improvement was defined as normalization of a low serum carotene level, or reduction of diarrhea to \< 50% of previous movements/day, or decrease in fecal fat excretion by 50%.
Time frame: 10 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Low-Dose Melphalan | Organ Response to Treatment | 26.5 percentage of participants |
| High-Dose Melphalan + Autologous HSC | Organ Response to Treatment | 29.1 percentage of participants |
Post Hoc
3-Year Progression Free Survival
Percentage of patients who were progression free at 3 years. The 3-year progression free rate was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. Progression is assessed when one of the following occur: * reappearance of monoclonal protein by immunofixation, * Increase in serum monoclonal paraprotein to \>25% above the lowest response level, * Increase in urine M-protein to \> 25% above the lowest remission value for 24-hour excretion.
Time frame: 3 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Low-Dose Melphalan | 3-Year Progression Free Survival | 29.1 percentage of participants |
| High-Dose Melphalan + Autologous HSC | 3-Year Progression Free Survival | 51.7 percentage of participants |