Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this pilot study is to compare Adderall ® and Adderall XR ® in terms of their effectiveness and side effects for the treatment of ADHD in adults.
Detailed description
This will be a randomized, cross-over study in which adults with ADHD will receive three weeks of treatment with Adderall (IR) (15, 30, or 45 mg TID) and three weeks of treatment of Adderall XR (XR) (15, 30, or 45 mg QD) for evaluation of dosing adherence and treatment efficacy. The order of the two conditions (TID-QD or QD-TID) will be counterbalanced across subjects, with a washout period in between treatment periods. Participants will be required to come to the site for 9 visits over approximately an 8-week period. The study will consist of the following four phases: * Phase 1 * Screening Visit (Visit 1) * Treatment A Baseline Visit (Visit 2) * Phase 2 o Treatment Period A - participants will take either Adderall or Adderall XR for 3 weeks (Visits 3-5) * Phase 3 * 7-Day Washout Period - participants will be off Treatment A medication * Treatment B Baseline visit (Visit 6) * Phase 4 o Treatment Period B - participants will take either Adderall or Adderall XR for 3 weeks (Visits 7-9) Eligible participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to one of two schedules of treatment, Adderall IR followed by Adderall XR, or Adderall XR followed by Adderall IR. Within both schedules, each treatment will consist of a 3-week dose optimization titration evaluation period with a washout week prior to switching to the second respective treatment. The maximum total daily dose will be 45mg, with 15mg TID for IR or 45mg QD for XR. Throughout the medication treatment periods, participants will visit the clinic weekly for evaluations of efficacy, tolerance, and adherence. Medical evaluations will also be conducted at each treatment visit, including assessment of weight, blood pressure, and pulse. Efficacy and adherence data will collected by separate research staff, so that the rater evaluating efficacy will be blinded to the adherence results. The clinician evaluating efficacy will also be blinded to the participants' treatment assignment.
Interventions
DRUGAdderall ® Immediate Release
Adderall Immediate release (IR) was provided as treatment for three weeks (at 15, 30 or 45 mg TID). The medication was optimized for titration.
DRUGAdderall XR ®
Adderall Extended Release (XR) was provided as treatment for three weeks at (15, 30, or 45 mg QD). The medication was optimized for titration.
Sponsors
NYU Langone Health
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. At the time of consent, are between the ages of 18-55, inclusive. 2. Meet DSM-IV criteria for ADHD as assessed by the Adult ADHD Clinician Diagnostic Scale (ACDS) v1.2. 3. Female participants of childbearing potential must test negative for pregnancy at the time of enrollment based on a urine pregnancy test and agree to use a reliable method of birth control during the study. Females of childbearing potential are defined as women not surgically sterilized and are between menarche and 2 years post-menopause. 4. Must have a satisfactory medical assessment with no clinically significant abnormalities as determined by medical history, physical exam, ECG, and clinical laboratory testing. 5. Must be able to swallow capsules. 6. Must be able to begin the daily dose of study medication in the morning. 7. Must be off previous amphetamine or methylphenidate treatment for 1 week prior to baseline (visit 2). Must be off past non-stimulant ADHD medication (i.e., atomoxetine) for 3 weeks prior to baseline (visit 2). 8. In the opinion of the investigator, the subject must understand and be able, willing and likely to fully comply with the study procedures and restrictions. 9. Must have given signed and dated informed consent in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines.
Exclusion criteria
1. Lifetime or present history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. 2. Uncontrolled comorbid major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder or dysthymia. Participants with controlled depressive or anxiety disorders may participate if their medications have been stabilized for a minimum of four weeks and, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, will not interfere with adherence, safety, or efficacy assessments. 3. Anyone who meets current DSM-IV-TR criteria for alcohol or any non-alcohol substance abuse or dependence disorder (excluding nicotine). 4. Have organic brain disease (such as dementia) or traumatic brain injury residua. Have a history of seizure disorder (other than febrile seizures) or participants who have taken (or are currently taking) anticonvulsants for seizure control. 5. Females who are currently pregnant or breast feeding, and women of child-bearing potential who are not currently using an adequate form of birth control. 6. Participants with clinically significant ECG or laboratory abnormalities at screening that are deemed exclusionary in the opinion of the Principal Investigator. 7. Participants who work the night shift or another schedule that would preclude beginning the daily dose of study medication in the morning. 8. Participants with a positive urine drug result at Screening. 9. Participants with any concurrent chronic or acute illness or unstable medical condition that could, in the opinion of the study physician, confound the results of safety assessments, increase risk to the subject or lead to difficulty complying with the protocol. Subjects who have a history of mental retardation or severe learning disability will be excluded. 10. Participants with a history of structural cardiac abnormalities as well as any other condition that may affect cardiac performance. 11. Participants with documented history of allergy, intolerance, or non-responsivity to methylphenidate or amphetamines. This includes a history of two or more failed stimulant treatment trials, as deemed by the Principal Investigator. 12. Participants who in the investigator's opinion meet any of the exclusionary criteria specified on the FDA label of either Adderall or Adderall XR.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Dosage Adherence | The MEMS information was noted at clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks) | Dosage adherence (MEMSd) is the number of bottle openings divided by number of doses prescribed. Adherence was measured as ≥ 75% of the doses. The number below is the total percentage of subjects who were adherent. |
| Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Regimen Adherence | The MEMS information was noted at clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks) | Regimen adherence (MEMSr) is a percentage of the number of days in which the complete dose regimen was taken as prescribed. Adherence was measured as complete dose regimen taken on ≥ 90% of days. The number below is the total percentage of subjects who were adherent. |
| Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Time Adherence | The MEMS information was noted at clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks) | Time adherence (MEMSt) is the percentage of doses taken as prescribed within a specified time period. Adherence was measured as ≥ 80% of doses taken at the correct time. The number below is the percentage of subjects who were adherent. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pill Count | At clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks) | Study staff counted unused medication at each weekly visit to yield a percentage of prescribed pills that were consumed. For each group, the number given will be the total number of consumed pills divided by total number of pill prescribed. |
| Self Report | At clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks) | Self-reported adherence was ascertained via retrospective self-report of daily regimen adherence. Participants were considered adherent for Adderall IR (Methamphetamine salts) if they took the first does in the morning within 30 minutes of waking, and then each subsequent dose in 5-hour intervals (within 30 minutes). For Adderall XR (Methamphetamine salts), participants were considered adherent if they took the single daily dose in the morning within 30 minutes of waking. The number given below represents the total number of self-reported adherent participants divided by the total number of participants per group, times 100 (to obtain percentage). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Men or women, aged 18 to 55 years, who met the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, as assessed by the Adult ADHD Clinician Diagnostic Scale (ACDS) version 1.2, were eligible to participate. Participants were recruited from local advertising or from the pool of participants at the MHADRP at NYU School of Medicine and VA NY Harbor Healthcare System.
Pre-assignment details
Individuals who were currently receiving amphetamine or methylphenidate treatment underwent a 7-day washout period before the baseline visit; those receiving atomoxetine or other medications for ADHD were required to undergo a 28-day washout period before the baseline visit. While 62 subjects started the study, only 49 finished the full study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Participants This was a randomized, crossover study in which participants received 3 weeks of treatment with MAS IR (15, 30, or 45 mg TID) and 3 weeks of treatment with MAS XR (15, 30, or 45 mg qAM). The order of the treatments (TID-qAM or qAM-TID) was counterbalanced across participants, with a washout period of ≥ 7 days between epochs. | 62 |
| Total | 62 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Intervention (3 Weeks) | Withdrawal by Subject | 3 | 4 |
| Second Intervention (3 Weeks) | Withdrawal by Subject | 3 | 3 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Participants |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 35.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.3 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 7 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Caucasian | 46 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 28 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 34 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 53 / 62 | 53 / 62 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 62 | 0 / 62 |
Outcome results
Primary
Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Dosage Adherence
Dosage adherence (MEMSd) is the number of bottle openings divided by number of doses prescribed. Adherence was measured as ≥ 75% of the doses. The number below is the total percentage of subjects who were adherent.
Time frame: The MEMS information was noted at clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks)
Population: These is the total of participants who completed the study.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adderall IR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Dosage Adherence | 42.7 percentage of participants adherent |
| Adderall XR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Dosage Adherence | 66.2 percentage of participants adherent |
Primary
Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Regimen Adherence
Regimen adherence (MEMSr) is a percentage of the number of days in which the complete dose regimen was taken as prescribed. Adherence was measured as complete dose regimen taken on ≥ 90% of days. The number below is the total percentage of subjects who were adherent.
Time frame: The MEMS information was noted at clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adderall IR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Regimen Adherence | 2.5 percentage of participants adherent |
| Adderall XR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Regimen Adherence | 34.4 percentage of participants adherent |
Primary
Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Time Adherence
Time adherence (MEMSt) is the percentage of doses taken as prescribed within a specified time period. Adherence was measured as ≥ 80% of doses taken at the correct time. The number below is the percentage of subjects who were adherent.
Time frame: The MEMS information was noted at clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adderall IR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Time Adherence | 4.5 percentage of participants adherent |
| Adderall XR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS®) Time Adherence | 43.7 percentage of participants adherent |
Secondary
Pill Count
Study staff counted unused medication at each weekly visit to yield a percentage of prescribed pills that were consumed. For each group, the number given will be the total number of consumed pills divided by total number of pill prescribed.
Time frame: At clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adderall IR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Pill Count | 90.4 percentage of pills consumed |
| Adderall XR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Pill Count | 96.9 percentage of pills consumed |
Secondary
Self Report
Self-reported adherence was ascertained via retrospective self-report of daily regimen adherence. Participants were considered adherent for Adderall IR (Methamphetamine salts) if they took the first does in the morning within 30 minutes of waking, and then each subsequent dose in 5-hour intervals (within 30 minutes). For Adderall XR (Methamphetamine salts), participants were considered adherent if they took the single daily dose in the morning within 30 minutes of waking. The number given below represents the total number of self-reported adherent participants divided by the total number of participants per group, times 100 (to obtain percentage).
Time frame: At clinic visit 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 (over 8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Adderall IR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Self Report | 92.6 percentage of participants adherent |
| Adderall XR (Methamphetamine Salts) | Self Report | 98.8 percentage of participants adherent |