Lupus Nephritis
Conditions
Brief summary
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem, autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own normal tissues. This abnormal autoimmune response can result in damage to many parts of the body, including the skin, joints, lungs, heart, brain, intestines, and kidneys. Kidney problems occur in 60-75 % of lupus patients. The development of lupus-related kidney disease (called lupus nephritis) is associated with an overall worse prognosis. SLE is usually treated with drugs that try to block inflammation caused by the immune system. These treatments can create their own problems and they do not cure lupus. The drugs that are often used to treat lupus nephritis include prednisone (steroids), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), azathioprine (AZA or Imuran), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF or Cellcept). The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of etanercept compared to placebo in combination with standard of care to treat individuals with active lupus nephritis.
Detailed description
Kidney problems associated with lupus nephritis range from asymptomatic protein in the urine to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, leading to end-stage renal disease. The goal of therapies is to control kidney manifestations in order to avoid kidney failure, the occurrence of other medical problems and death. The treatment of lupus nephritis remains problematic. Despite the use of currently available therapies, patients experience disease relapse. Over time, patients develop significant morbidity from the disease as well as from medications used for treatment. Etanercept, a TNF inhibitor, is proposed as a potential treatment for lupus nephritis. TNF increases the number of reactive B and T cells. TNF levels can be elevated in lupus. Etanercept is believed to work by blocking inflammation, and it is hoped that it will lessen the signs and symptoms of lupus-related kidney disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of etanercept compared to placebo in combination with standard therapy to treat individuals with mild or moderately active lupus nephritis. This study will last 1 year. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either etanercept or placebo in addition to their regular medications. Participants will self-administer 50 mg etanercept or placebo injections once a week. They will continue receiving their usual treatment with corticosteroids and either MMF, Mycophenolic Acid, or AZA. Treatment with study medication will occur for 24 weeks. There will be a screening visit followed by a randomization visit, where subjects will receive and learn how to administer the study drug. Subjects will come to the clinic for 9 study visits. A physical exam and blood and urine collection will occur at most study visits. Participants will also be asked to complete a questionnaire on their health at most study visits. Subjects will be contacted by phone 5 times during the 24-week period to assess for adverse events and worsening disease status.
Interventions
DRUGEtanercept
1.) Immune suppressant. 2.) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor.
DRUGLupus Treatment- Standard of Care
Individualized standard of care treatment for lupus with corticosteroids and with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolic acid, or azathioprine (AZA)
DRUGPlacebo
Sponsors
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Caregiver)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 75 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Meets at least 4 of the 11 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1982 Revised Criteria for the Classification of SLE * Active lupus nephritis * Currently has antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) * Currently receiving treatment consisting of at least 1.5 g/day of MMF OR at least 720 mg/day orally of Mycophenolic Acid OR at least 1.5 mg/kg once per day of AZA for lupus nephritis, for at least 28 days prior to study entry * Stable medication regimen for at least 4 weeks prior to study entry * Able and willing to self-administer study drug OR has a designated caregiver at home to administer study drug injections * Willing to use acceptable forms of contraception for the duration of the study
Exclusion criteria
* Moderately severe anemia * Neutropenia * Thrombocytopenia * Blood creatinine levels greater than 3.0 mg/dl * Positive PPD without ongoing treatment for at least 30 days prior to study entry * Pulmonary fibrotic changes * Active infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis B virus \[HBV\], hepatitis C virus \[HCV\]) and/or serologic evidence of prior exposure to hepatitis B * Received a live vaccine within 3 months prior to study entry * Doubled serum creatinine levels within the 3 months prior to study entry OR end-stage kidney disease * Dialysis-dependent end-stage kidney disease or membranous nephritis * History of cancer. Individuals with a history of cervical carcinoma in situ and resected basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin are not excluded. * Receiving prednisone greater than 20 mg/day or equivalent corticosteroid treatment * Pulse intravenous methylprednisolone within 30 days prior to study entry * Receiving immunosuppressive agents other than prednisone, MMF, Mycophenolic Acid, AZA, or hydroxychloroquine * Oral or intravenous cyclosporine, leflunomide IVIG, or plasmapheresis within 3 months prior to study entry * Current or previous cyclophosphamide treatment * Use of other experimental agent within 90 days prior to study entry * Severe, progressive, or uncontrolled kidney, liver, blood, stomach, lung, heart, or brain disease. Individuals with any of these conditions that are related to active SLE are not excluded. * Previous use of rituximab within 12 months prior to study entry * Previous or current exposure to any of the following: etanercept (Enbrel), adalimumab (Humira), infliximab (Remicade), or anakinra (Kineret) * Meets New York Heart Association classification of congestive heart failure (CHF) Class III or greater * History of myocardial infarction or ischemia * Current or history of substance abuse * Known hypersensitivity to any component of the study drug * Poorly controlled or advanced diabetes mellitus * History of multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, or epilepsy * History of noncompliance with other therapies * Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Adverse Events (AEs)Grade 3 or Higher Experienced by Participant During Treatment Phase of Study | 24 Weeks | Number of adverse events (AEs) or serious adverse events (SAEs) Grade 3 or higher experienced by participant over the duration of the treatment period. \[1\] \[1\] This study graded the severity of AEs experienced by the study participant according to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent of Participants Who Achieved a Renal Response at Week 24 | Week 24 | Percent of study participants who achieved a renal response at 24 weeks.\[1\] \[1\]A renal response is defined as: 1) 50% reduction in proteinuria compared to baseline as measured by urinary protein: creatinine ratio; and 2) stable or improving renal function as defined by the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (Levy, AS, Coresh J, Galk E et al, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med, 139(2): 137-47, 2003) |
| Time to Participant's Renal Response | First 24 Weeks of Study Period | Time to when participant achieved a renal response\[1\] \[1\]A renal response is defined as: 1) 50% reduction in proteinuria compared to baseline as measured by urinary protein: creatinine ratio; and 2) stable or improving renal function as defined by the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (Levy, AS, Coresh J, Galk E et al, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med, 139(2): 137-47, 2003) |
| Participant Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) Score at Baseline and at Early Study Withdrawal Visit | Baseline, Week 39 (Early Study Withdrawal Visit) | Reported here is the baseline and week 39 Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores. The SLEDAI is a concise measure of lupus disease activity with excellent test-retest reliability and high responsiveness to clinically important changes in the disease. The total score is derived from ratings on 24 conditions plus the Physician's Global Assessment; 0 indicates inactive disease and the maximum theoretical score is 105, with higher scores representing increased disease activity. |
| Number of Participants With a C to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Mucocutaneous Score | Baseline, Week 24 | Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Mucocutaneous Score from C (at baseline) to B (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0). A maximum mucocutaneous score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system. |
| Number of Participant Adverse Events (AEs) From Baseline to Early Study Withdrawal Visit | 39 Weeks | Number of participant AEs during the trial. This study graded the severity of AEs experienced by the study participant according to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0. |
| Number of Participants With an A to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Renal Score | Baseline, Week 24 | Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Renal Score from A (at baseline) to B (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0).A maximum renal score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system |
| Participant Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score at Baseline and Week 24 | Baseline, Week 24 | Reported here is the participant baseline and week 24 SF-36 Physical Component scores. The SF-36 measures 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, body pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, and general health perceptions\[1\]. The Physical Component scores of the SF-36 range from 0 to 100; 0 equals worst health state. Higher numbers reported here indicate more improvement in condition from baseline. \[1\]Ref: Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS36-item short-form health survey Med Care. 1992; 30:473-483. |
| Participant Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) Mental Component Score at Baseline and Week 24 | Baseline, Week 24 | Reported here are the participant SF-36 Mental Component scores at baseline and week 24. The SF-36 measures 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, and general health perceptions.\[1\] The Mental Component score of the SF-36 ranges from 0 to 100; 0 equals worst health state. Higher numbers reported here indicate more improvement in condition from baseline. \[1\]Ref: Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS36-item short-form health survey. Med Care. 1992; 30:473-483 |
| Number of Participants With a B to D Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Musculoskeletal Score | Baseline, Week 24 | Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Musculoskeletal Score from B (at baseline) to D (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0).A maximum musculoskeletal score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participant recruitment occurred at 6 sites. All sites were affiliated with a university and utilized a lupus clinic and outside referrals for recruitment. The first site (UCSF) was activated on 1 Feb 2008. The remaining 5 sites (Feinstein, Rochester, Colorado, Duke, and UAB) were activated over the next year.
Pre-assignment details
The participant signed an informed consent before study screening procedures commenced to assess eligibility criteria (lupus diagnosis with active nephritis, positive ANA, presence of dsDNA antibodies, and stable medication regimens of either mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, CellCept®, Myfortic®) or azathioprine at the screening visit.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Etanercept Participant self-administered 50 mg etanercept subcutaneous injections once weekly for 24 weeks. She continued receiving her usual treatment with corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil. | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Etanercept |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 1 Participants |
| Day 0 GFR (mL/min per 1.73m^2) | 96.9 mL/min/1.73m^2 |
| Day 0 random urine protein | 141 mg/dL |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants |
| SLEDAI total score | 22 Score |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 1 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 1 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Adverse Events (AEs)Grade 3 or Higher Experienced by Participant During Treatment Phase of Study
Number of adverse events (AEs) or serious adverse events (SAEs) Grade 3 or higher experienced by participant over the duration of the treatment period. \[1\] \[1\] This study graded the severity of AEs experienced by the study participant according to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0.
Time frame: 24 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Number of Adverse Events (AEs)Grade 3 or Higher Experienced by Participant During Treatment Phase of Study | 0 Events |
Secondary
Number of Participant Adverse Events (AEs) From Baseline to Early Study Withdrawal Visit
Number of participant AEs during the trial. This study graded the severity of AEs experienced by the study participant according to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0.
Time frame: 39 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Number of Participant Adverse Events (AEs) From Baseline to Early Study Withdrawal Visit | 3 Events |
Secondary
Number of Participants With a B to D Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Musculoskeletal Score
Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Musculoskeletal Score from B (at baseline) to D (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0).A maximum musculoskeletal score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 24
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Number of Participants With a B to D Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Musculoskeletal Score | 1 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With a C to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Mucocutaneous Score
Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Mucocutaneous Score from C (at baseline) to B (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0). A maximum mucocutaneous score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 24
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Number of Participants With a C to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Mucocutaneous Score | 1 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With an A to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Renal Score
Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Renal Score from A (at baseline) to B (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0).A maximum renal score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system
Time frame: Baseline, Week 24
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Number of Participants With an A to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Renal Score | 1 Participants |
Secondary
Participant Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) Mental Component Score at Baseline and Week 24
Reported here are the participant SF-36 Mental Component scores at baseline and week 24. The SF-36 measures 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, and general health perceptions.\[1\] The Mental Component score of the SF-36 ranges from 0 to 100; 0 equals worst health state. Higher numbers reported here indicate more improvement in condition from baseline. \[1\]Ref: Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS36-item short-form health survey. Med Care. 1992; 30:473-483
Time frame: Baseline, Week 24
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Participant Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) Mental Component Score at Baseline and Week 24 | Baseline SF-36 Mental Component Score | 31.4 Score on a scale |
| Etanercept | Participant Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) Mental Component Score at Baseline and Week 24 | Week 24 SF-36 Mental Component Score | 52.3 Score on a scale |
Secondary
Participant Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score at Baseline and Week 24
Reported here is the participant baseline and week 24 SF-36 Physical Component scores. The SF-36 measures 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, body pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, and general health perceptions\[1\]. The Physical Component scores of the SF-36 range from 0 to 100; 0 equals worst health state. Higher numbers reported here indicate more improvement in condition from baseline. \[1\]Ref: Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS36-item short-form health survey Med Care. 1992; 30:473-483.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 24
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Participant Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score at Baseline and Week 24 | Baseline SF-36 Physical Component Score | 44.4 Score on a scale |
| Etanercept | Participant Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score at Baseline and Week 24 | Week 24 SF-36 Physical Component Score | 42.3 Score on a scale |
Secondary
Participant Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) Score at Baseline and at Early Study Withdrawal Visit
Reported here is the baseline and week 39 Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores. The SLEDAI is a concise measure of lupus disease activity with excellent test-retest reliability and high responsiveness to clinically important changes in the disease. The total score is derived from ratings on 24 conditions plus the Physician's Global Assessment; 0 indicates inactive disease and the maximum theoretical score is 105, with higher scores representing increased disease activity.
Time frame: Baseline, Week 39 (Early Study Withdrawal Visit)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Participant Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) Score at Baseline and at Early Study Withdrawal Visit | Baseline SLEDAI Score | 22 Points on a scale |
| Etanercept | Participant Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) Score at Baseline and at Early Study Withdrawal Visit | Week 39 SLEDAI score | 8 Points on a scale |
Secondary
Percent of Participants Who Achieved a Renal Response at Week 24
Percent of study participants who achieved a renal response at 24 weeks.\[1\] \[1\]A renal response is defined as: 1) 50% reduction in proteinuria compared to baseline as measured by urinary protein: creatinine ratio; and 2) stable or improving renal function as defined by the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (Levy, AS, Coresh J, Galk E et al, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med, 139(2): 137-47, 2003)
Time frame: Week 24
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Percent of Participants Who Achieved a Renal Response at Week 24 | 100 Percent of Participants |
Secondary
Time to Participant's Renal Response
Time to when participant achieved a renal response\[1\] \[1\]A renal response is defined as: 1) 50% reduction in proteinuria compared to baseline as measured by urinary protein: creatinine ratio; and 2) stable or improving renal function as defined by the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (Levy, AS, Coresh J, Galk E et al, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med, 139(2): 137-47, 2003)
Time frame: First 24 Weeks of Study Period
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Time to Participant's Renal Response | 24 Weeks |