Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Dementia, Vascular, Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Agitation, Alzheimer Disease, Analgesics, Dementia, Narcotics, Opioid, Pain, Palliative Care, Psychomotor, Suffering, Physical
Brief summary
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a low dose an opiate pain medication is effective for the treatment of discomfort in patients with advanced dementia. The study medication was also known as Lortab and contained both a narcotic pain medication and acetaminophen (the same pain medication as contained in Tylenol). This study was an eight-week long clinical trial for discomfort among veterans with advanced dementia who were admitted to a Nursing Home Care Unit (NHCU) at the Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center.
Detailed description
OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the Low-Dose Opiate Therapy for Discomfort in Dementia (L-DOT) project was to determine whether low-dose opiates are effective and well tolerated for the treatment of pain (as manifest by discomfort) in patients with advanced dementia. RESEARCH DESIGN: This study was a two-week double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of low-dose hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Lortab) for discomfort among veterans with a dementia, followed by six weeks of open-label therapy for patients who tolerated treatment during the first two weeks (eight weeks total treatment on study). METHODOLOGY: After consent, patients over age 55 with dementia residing in a nursing home care unit (or at home who receive care) at Tuscaloosa VAMC who demonstrate significant discomfort (as measured by the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia - PAINAD) were randomized to one of two groups, using a double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5mg/250mg q8hrs scheduled with placebo q8hrs PRN or placebo q8hrs scheduled with hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5mg/250mg q8hrs PRN. After one week's treatment, patients were crossed over to the other (opposite) regimen, for a total of two weeks of blinded treatment. Patients who tolerated treatment with hydrocodone/acetaminophen were eligible for a six-week, open-label continuation phase. The primary outcome measure was pain/discomfort. Preliminary sample size calculations indicated that 42 patients (48 patients accounting for dropouts) would be needed to be enrolled over three years to detect a difference between treatments with power of .80 and two-tailed alpha of .05. SIGNIFICANCE: There is evidence that pain is both under recognized and undertreated in long term care settings. This study hoped to make a significant contribution to the evidence base for a common and problematic situation among veterans with advanced dementia. Advances in pain and symptom control are central to the improvement of palliative care intervention for dementia patients. Low-dose opiates are the logical next category of analgesics to consider, but have been rarely studied for this purpose in this population.
Interventions
DRUGhydrocodone/APAP w placebo PRN
Hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5/167 mg per 5 ml liquid three times daily (TID). With liquid placebo available PRN.
DRUGhydrocodone/APAP
Participants judged as responders during Phase A continue the same dose of study medication (hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5/167 mg per 5 ml liquid TID). Otherwise, moved to a higher dose (hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5/500mg TID or the most appropriate formulary alternative). Participant can also receive up to 2 PRN administrations at the same dose levels as listed above, but not to exceed 2.5g of acetaminophen.
DRUGplacebo with hydrocodone/APAP PRN
Liquid placebo PRN. Also available PRN is Hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5/167 mg per 5 ml liquid.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
55 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* 55 years of age or older; * Must have a diagnosis of dementia; * Advanced stage of dementia demonstrated by a score of 6 or greater on the Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) scale; * Unable to report pain in a reliable and consistent manner; * Have a PAINAD score of at least 2 on two consecutive assessments (separated by at least two days) OR an average PAINAD score of at least 2 on three consecutive assessments each separated by at least two days; * The patient must have at least one medical condition associated with pain recorded on the CPRS problem list.
Exclusion criteria
* The existence of an effective analgesia treatment regimen; * Pain treatment related to angina or pain judged to be related to angina; * Current pain treatment with opiates that cannot, in the opinion of the attending physician, be discontinued without placing the patient at risk for increased pain or opiate withdrawal; * Current pain treatment with tramadol that cannot, in the opinion of the attending physician, be discontinued; * Presence of necessary drug therapy that is incompatible with or has potential for clinically significant drug interaction with either hydrocodone or acetaminophen; * A history of allergy, hypersensitivity, or intolerance to either hydrocodone or acetaminophen; * Constipation refractory to current treatment measures or a condition that would make constipation dangerous for the patient in the opinion of the attending physician; * The presence of liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy, or clinically significant elevation of liver function tests (LFTs), as determined by the attending physician; * The presence of renal failure, clinically significant renal insufficiency, or clinically significant elevations of serum BUN or creatinine levels, as determined by the attending physician; OR * Evidence, based on assessment by a geriatrician, that the apparent behavioral manifestations of discomfort are better explained by another problem (e.g., fever, infection, dehydration, delirium, psychosis)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) | Two (2) weeks | Pain intensity observational assessment for persons with severe dementia. Higher scores indicate more pain/discomfort. Scale range is 0-10. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) | 6 weeks | Pain intensity observational assessment for persons with severe dementia. Higher scores indicate more pain/discomfort. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| ALL STUDY PARTICIPANTS This is a fully crossed study, each participant serves as his own control. Phase A: Participants are randomized to either A1 for 1 week then A2 for 1 week OR A2 for 1 week then A1 for one week. A1: hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5/167 mg per 5 ml liquid TID, with liquid placebo available PRN. A2: liquid placebo TID with hydrocodone/acetaminophen 2.5/167 mg per 5 ml liquid PRN.
Phase B: If tolerated study medication during Phase A (i.e., the closed label, double-blind phase of the trial) then enter a six-week, open-label phase. Participants judged as responders during Phase A continue the same dose of study medication. Otherwise, moved to a higher dose (hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5/500mg TID or the most appropriate formulary alternative). Participant can also receive up to 2 PRN administrations at the same dose levels as listed above, but not to exceed 2.5g of acetaminophen. | 11 |
| Total | 11 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| FIRST INTERVENTION OF PHASE A | Death | 1 | 0 |
| SECOND INTERVENTION OF PHASE A | Adverse Event | 0 | 1 |
| SECOND INTERVENTION OF PHASE A | study drug recall | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | ALL STUDY PARTICIPANTS |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 11 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 11 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 2 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)
Pain intensity observational assessment for persons with severe dementia. Higher scores indicate more pain/discomfort. Scale range is 0-10.
Time frame: Two (2) weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental: A1 | Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) | 2.20 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| Placebo Comparator: A2 | Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) | 2.56 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
Secondary
Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)
Pain intensity observational assessment for persons with severe dementia. Higher scores indicate more pain/discomfort.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental: A1 | Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) | 1.93 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.98 |