Combination Chemotherapy and Cetuximab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Esophageal Cancer or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer

Randomized Phase II Study of ECF-C, IC-C, or FOLFOX-C in Metastatic Esophageal and GE Junction Cancer

Status

Completed

Phases

Phase 2

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT00381706

Enrollment

245

Registered

2006-09-28

Start date

2006-09-15

Completion date

2014-10-15

Last updated

2021-09-29

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Esophageal Cancer

Keywords

squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, stage IV esophageal cancer, recurrent esophageal cancer

Brief summary

RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab, can block tumor growth in different ways. Some block the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Others find tumor cells and help kill them or carry tumor-killing substances to them. Giving more than one chemotherapy drug (combination chemotherapy) together with cetuximab may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: This randomized phase II trial is studying three different combination chemotherapy regimens to compare how well they work when given together with cetuximab in treating patients with metastatic esophageal cancer or gastroesophageal junction cancer.

Detailed description

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to histology (squamous cell carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (0 or 1 vs 2). Patients are randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms. For more information please see the Arms section which includes a detailed description of the treatment regimens. The primary objective of the study is evaluate the tumor response rate (RR) for each of the regimens in this trial and to select the most promising regimen based on RR for further testing in patients with metastatic esophageal or GE junction adenocarcinoma. The secondary objectives are: 1. To evaluate overall survival (OS) for each of the regimens in this trial in patients with metastatic esophageal or GE junction adenocarcinoma. 2. To evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) for each of the regimens in this trial in patients with metastatic esophageal or GE junction adenocarcinoma. 3. To evaluate time to treatment failure (TTF) for each of the regimens in this trial in patients with metastatic esophageal or GE junction adenocarcinoma. 4. To determine the type and severity of toxicities associated with each of these regimens in the multi-institutional phase II setting. 5. Quantitative immunohistochemistry results will be correlated with objective response rate, overall survival and time to progression. 6. To evaluate the cellular damage (apoptosis) as a result of oxaliplatin. 7. To determine if germline EGFR variants correlate with skin rash in patients treated with cetuximab. 8. To evaluate if a correlation exists between germline EGFR variants and tumor EFGR expression as measured by immunohistochemistry. All subjects must be premedicated with diphenhydramine hydrochloride 50 mg IV (or a similar agent) prior to the first dose of cetuximab in an effort to minimize infusion and hypersensitivity reactions. Premedication is recommended prior to subsequent doses, but the dose of diphenhydramine (or similar agent) may be reduced at the investigator's discretion. More information is detailed in the protocol including a description of the premedication requirements. Patients were closely monitored for treatment-related adverse events. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed periodically for up to 2 years.

Interventions

BIOLOGICALcetuximab

given IV

DRUGECF

epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil given IV

DRUGIC

cisplatin and irinotecan given IV

DRUGFOLFOX

oxaliplatin , leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil IV

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to No maximum

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

1. Metastatic disease of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction 1. Histologic, cytologic or radiologic documentation of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. Radiologic, endoscopic, histologic or cytologic evidence of locally recurrent or locally residual (post-resection) disease is also permitted. 2. For the purposes of this study, undifferentiated adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous tumors will be considered as adenocarcinomas. In addition, tumors involving the gastroesophageal junction will be defined by the Siewert classification. 3. Patients with gastroesophageal junction tumors who are eligible: * AEG Type I: Adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus which usually arises from an area with specialized intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus (eg, Barrett's esophagus, and may infiltrate the esophagogastric junction from above). * AEG Type II: True carcinoma of the cardia arising from the cardiac epithelium or short segments with intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction. 4. Patients with gastroesophageal junction tumors who are NOT eligible: * AEG Type III: Subcardial gastric carcinoma which infiltrates the esophagogastric junction and distal esophagus from below. 2. Patients must have at least one paraffin block available (or at least 15 unstained slides for analysis of tumor EGFR status. 1. Patients with a history of esophageal and GE junction carcinoma treated by surgical resection who develop radiological or clinical evidence of metastatic cancer do not require separate histological or cytological confirmation of metastatic disease unless an interval of greater than five years has elapsed between the primary surgery and the development of metastatic disease OR the primary cancer was stage I. 2. Clinicians should consider biopsy of lesions to establish the diagnosis of metastatic esophageal or GE junction carcinoma if there is substantial clinical ambiguity regarding the nature or source of apparent metastases. 3. Patients with Measurable Disease - Lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as ≥ 20 mm with conventional techniques or as ≥ 10 mm with spiral CT scan. 4. Prior Treatment: 1. No prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. No prior therapy which specifically and directly targets the EGF(R) pathway. 2. No prior allergic reaction to chimerized or murine monoclonal antibody therapy or documented presence of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA). 3. Patients must have completed any major surgery ≥ 4 weeks or any minor surgery ≥ 2 weeks before registration. Patients must have fully recovered from the procedure. Insertion of a vascular access device is not considered major or minor surgery. 4. No concurrent use of investigational agents is allowed while participating in this study. 5. Patient Characteristics: 1. ECOG Performance Status of 0-2 2. ≥ 18 years of age 3. Patients must be documented to have a stable weight (or less than one pound weight loss) for at least one week prior to registration. 4. Non-pregnant and not breast-feeding. The effects of cetuximab, cisplatin, epirubicin, fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin on a developing human fetus are not well-known. Because the risk of toxicity in nursing infants secondary to cetuximab, cisplatin, epirubicin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin treatment of the mother is unknown but may be harmful, breastfeeding must be discontinued. 6. No myocardial infarction \< 6 months prior to registration or New York Heart Association classification III or IV. 7. No ≥ grade 2 diarrhea within 7 days prior to registration. 8. Patients may not concurrently have any of the following conditions: 1. Known central nervous system metastases or carcinomatous meningitis 2. Interstitial pneumonia or symptomatic interstitial fibrosis of the lung 3. Seizure disorder or active neurological disease requiring anti-epileptic medication 4. ≥ grade 2 peripheral neuropathy 9. No evidence of Gilbert's Syndrome - Patients with Gilbert's Syndrome may have a greater risk of irinotecan toxicity due to the abnormal glucuronidation of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. Evidence of Gilbert's Syndrome would include documentation of elevation of indirect bilirubin at any time in the patient's medical history. 10. Required Initial Laboratory Data: 1. Granulocytes ≥ 1500/µl 2. Platelet count ≥ 100,000/µl 3. Creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dL 4. AST (SGOT) ≤ 5.0 x Upper limits of normal 5. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dL 6. Albumin ≥ 2.5 grams/dL

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Response Rate (Complete and Partial) in Patients With Measurable Esophageal or GE Junction Adenocarcinoma	Up to 2 years post-treatment	Response was defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria: Complete Response (CR): disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR) 30% decrease in sum of longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD): 20% increase in sum of longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD): small changes that do not meet above criteria. Overall tumor response is the total number of CR and PRs in participants with adenocarcinoma who have received at least one cycle of therapy.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Tumor Response Rate (Complete and Partial) in Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Up to 2 years post-treatment	Response was defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria: Complete Response (CR): disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR) 30% decrease in sum of longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD): 20% increase in sum of longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD): small changes that do not meet above criteria. Overall tumor response is the total number of CR and PRs in participants with squamous cell carcinoma who have received at least one cycle of therapy.
Overall Survival in Patients With Adenocarcinoma	Up to 2 years post-treatment	Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from study entry to death of any cause. The median OS with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method.
Progression-free Survival in Patients With Adenocarcinoma	Up to 2 years post-treatment	Progression free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from study entry to progression or death of any cause. The median PFS with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method.
Time to Treatment Failure in Patients With Adenocarcinoma	Up to 2 years post-treatment	Time to treatment failure (TTF) was measured from study entry until documented progression, death resulting from any cause, or end of protocol therapy because of unacceptable toxicity. The median TTF with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Recruitment details

Between September 2006 and May 2009, 245 participants were enrolled and randomized.

Pre-assignment details

Twenty three (23) participants had squamous cell carcinoma were excluded from the analysis.

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Arm A: Adenocarcinoma (ECF + Cetuximab) Patients receive cetuximab 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes on day 1 of the first cycle, then 250 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes thereafter. Patients receive cetuximab IV on days 1, 8 and 15. Patients receive epirubicin 50 mg/m\^2 IV after cetuximab on day 1 followed by cisplatin 60 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes. On days 1-21, patients receive 5-fluorouracil 200 mg/m\^2/day continuous IV infusion. Treatment repeats every 21 days in the absence of disease progression and unacceptable toxicity.	67
Arm B: Adenocarcinoma (IC + Cetuximab) Patients receive cetuximab 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes on day 1 of the first cycle, then 250 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes thereafter. Patients receive cetuximab on days 1, 8 and 15. Patients receive cisplatin 30 mg/m\^2 IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 8 after cetuximab. Patients also receive irinotecan 65 mg/m\^2 IV over 90 minutes on days 1 and 8 after receiving cisplatin.Treatment repeats every 21 days in the absence of disease progression and unacceptable toxicity.	73
Arm C: Adenocarcinoma (FOLFOX + Cetuximab) Patients receive cetuximab 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes on day 1 of the first cycle, then 250 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes thereafter. Patients receive cetuximab on days 1 and 8. On Day 1, patients also receive oxaliplatin 85 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes and leucovorin 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes either concurrently with oxaliplatin via a separate infusion line or post oxaliplatin administration. Following leucovorin, patients will receive 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m\^2 IV bolus injection, then 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m\^2 IV infusion over 46-48 hours. Treatment repeats every 14 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.	73
Arm A: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ECF + Cetuximab) Patients receive cetuximab 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes on day 1 of the first cycle, then 250 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes thereafter. Patients receive cetuximab IV on days 1, 8 and 15. Patients receive epirubicin 50 mg/m\^2 IV after cetuximab on day 1 followed by cisplatin 60 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes. On days 1-21, patients receive 5-fluorouracil 200 mg/m\^2/day continuous IV infusion. Treatment repeats every 21 days in the absence of disease progression and unacceptable toxicity.	8
Arm B: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (IC + Cetuximab) Patients receive cetuximab 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes on day 1 of the first cycle, then 250 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes thereafter. Patients receive cetuximab on days 1, 8 and 15. Patients receive cisplatin 30 mg/m\^2 IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 8 after cetuximab. Patients also receive irinotecan 65 mg/m\^2 IV over 90 minutes on days 1 and 8 after receiving cisplatin.Treatment repeats every 21 days in the absence of disease progression and unacceptable toxicity.	8
Arm C: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (FOLFOX + Cetuximab) Patients receive cetuximab 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes on day 1 of the first cycle, then 250 mg/m\^2 IV over 60 minutes thereafter. Patients receive cetuximab on days 1 and 8. On Day 1, patients also receive oxaliplatin 85 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes and leucovorin 400 mg/m\^2 IV over 120 minutes either concurrently with oxaliplatin via a separate infusion line or post oxaliplatin administration. Following leucovorin, patients will receive 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m\^2 IV bolus injection, then 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m\^2 IV infusion over 46-48 hours. Treatment repeats every 14 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.	6
Total	235

Withdrawals & dropouts

Period	Reason	FG000	FG001	FG002
Overall Study	Never treated	7	2	1

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Arm A: Adenocarcinoma (ECF + Cetuximab)	Total	Arm C: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (FOLFOX + Cetuximab)	Arm B: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (IC + Cetuximab)	Arm A: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ECF + Cetuximab)	Arm C: Adenocarcinoma (FOLFOX + Cetuximab)	Arm B: Adenocarcinoma (IC + Cetuximab)
Age, Continuous	57.7 years	59.3 years	61.2 years	61.8 years	61.6 years	59.2 years	60.3 years
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants	1 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	1 Participants	9 Participants	0 Participants	2 Participants	2 Participants	2 Participants	2 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants	2 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	65 Participants	223 Participants	6 Participants	6 Participants	6 Participants	71 Participants	69 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	67 participants	235 participants	6 participants	8 participants	8 participants	73 participants	73 participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	8 Participants	32 Participants	1 Participants	3 Participants	2 Participants	5 Participants	13 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	59 Participants	203 Participants	5 Participants	5 Participants	6 Participants	68 Participants	60 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk	EG002 affected / at risk	EG003 affected / at risk	EG004 affected / at risk	EG005 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	— / —	— / —	— / —	— / —	— / —	— / —
other Total, other adverse events	65 / 67	68 / 73	71 / 73	8 / 8	8 / 8	6 / 6
serious Total, serious adverse events	15 / 67	23 / 73	22 / 73	2 / 8	2 / 8	1 / 6

Outcome results

Primary

Response Rate (Complete and Partial) in Patients With Measurable Esophageal or GE Junction Adenocarcinoma

Response was defined using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria: Complete Response (CR): disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR) 30% decrease in sum of longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD): 20% increase in sum of longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD): small changes that do not meet above criteria. Overall tumor response is the total number of CR and PRs in participants with adenocarcinoma who have received at least one cycle of therapy.