Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Conditions
Keywords
skin infection, antibiotics
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of the antibiotic tigecycline with other antibiotics, ampicillin-sulbactam, and amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of a complicated skin and/or skin structure infection (cSSSI).
Interventions
Treatment A: Tigecycline every 12 hours intravenous (IV) (an initial dose of 100 mg followed by 50 mg every 12 hours)
Ampicillin-sulbactam: 1.5 g (1 g ampicillin plus 0.5 g sulbactam) to 3 g (3 g ampicillin plus 1 g sulbactam) intravenous (IV) every 6 hrs or Amoxicillin-clavulanate: 1.2 g (1000 mg amoxicillin plus 200 mg clavulanate) IV every 6 to 8 hrs. A glycopeptide antibiotic (either vancomycin 1 g IV every 12 hrs or teicoplanin IV loading dose of 400 mg the first day followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg daily) may be added to the aminopenicillin/betalactamase inhibitor regimen if infection with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is suspected or confirmed within the first 72 hrs of enrollment. If culture results fail to show a resistant organism, use of the glycopeptide may be discontinued.
Sponsors
Study design
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
* Clinical diagnosis of complicated skin or skin structure infection * Male or female, 18 years or older * Need for intravenous treatment for 4 to 14 days
Exclusion criteria
* Skin infection that can be treated by surgery & wound care alone * Diabetic foot ulcers or bedsores where the infection is present longer than 1 week * Poor circulation such that amputation of the infected site is likely within a month Other exclusions apply
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Clinically Evaluable (CE) Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit | up to 6 weeks | Investigator assigned clinical response of cure of the cSSSI defined as: resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms of infection (healing of chronic underlying skin ulcer not required) or improvement of signs or symptoms of the infection to such an extent that no further antibacterial therapy was necessary. CE population were those who completed TOC assessment of cure or failure (but not indeterminate) or, in case of premature discontinuation due to lack of efficacy, had completed end of treatment assessment such that assessment of clinical response could be made. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit | up to 6 weeks | Investigator assigned clinical response of cure of the cSSSI defined as: resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms of infection (healing of chronic underlying skin ulcer not required) or improvement of signs or symptoms of the infection to such an extent that no further antibacterial therapy was necessary. ME population were subjects who were CE and had baseline culture with at least 1 identified isolate that was susceptible to study drug and comparator. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug. |
| Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | up to 6 weeks | Microbiological response assessed at patient level. Eradication=baseline isolate not present in repeat culture from the original infection site; Presumed Eradication=clinical response of cure precluded the availability of a specimen for culture; Persistence=baseline isolate present in repeat culture from the original infection site; Presumed Persistence=culture data not available for patients with a clinical response of failure; Superinfection=culture from the primary infection site had new pathogen not identified as a baseline isolate and clinical response was failure. |
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | up to 6 weeks | In vitro activity of the study drugs against a range of pathogenic bacteria that cause complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) were analyzed using MIC. MIC 50 and MIC 90 are the lowest concentrations of a drug that inhibit the growth of 50% and 90% of a microorganism, respectively. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug. |
| Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients | up to 6 weeks | Healthcare resource utilization assessment included intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU inpatient hospitalization. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug. |
Countries
Canada, Hong Kong, Israel, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Patients were recruited worldwide from September 2006 to August 2008.
Pre-assignment details
Patients were screened according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Once informed consent was obtained, the patient was enrolled into the study and assigned a randomization number and a treatment regimen.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Tigecycline Tigecycline every 12 hours IV (an initial dose of 100 mg followed by 50 mg every 12 hours) | 268 |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Ampicillin-sulbactam 1.5 g (1 g ampicillin plus 0.5 g sulbactam) to 3 g (2 g ampicillin plus 1 g sulbactam) IV every 6 hours or amoxicillin-clavulanate 1.2 g (1000 mg amoxicillin plus 200 mg clavulanate) IV every 6 to 8 hours. | 263 |
| Total | 531 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Participants | Death | 1 | 2 |
| Baseline Participants | Lost to Follow-up | 16 | 17 |
| Baseline Participants | No susceptibility | 1 | 0 |
| Baseline Participants | Patient uncompliant | 0 | 1 |
| Baseline Participants | Withdrawal by Subject | 6 | 4 |
| Randomization | No study drug dosed | 13 | 6 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Tigecycline | Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age Continuous | 51.10 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.11 | 51.54 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.9 | 51.32 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.49 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 105 Participants | 94 Participants | 199 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 163 Participants | 169 Participants | 332 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 396 / 268 | 241 / 263 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 38 / 268 | 29 / 263 |
Outcome results
Number of Clinically Evaluable (CE) Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit
Investigator assigned clinical response of cure of the cSSSI defined as: resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms of infection (healing of chronic underlying skin ulcer not required) or improvement of signs or symptoms of the infection to such an extent that no further antibacterial therapy was necessary. CE population were those who completed TOC assessment of cure or failure (but not indeterminate) or, in case of premature discontinuation due to lack of efficacy, had completed end of treatment assessment such that assessment of clinical response could be made.
Time frame: up to 6 weeks
Population: Clinically Evaluable (CE): Patients with cSSSI, no Pseudomonas aeruginosa as sole baseline isolate, met major inclusion/exclusion criteria, ≤24 hrs antibiotics pre-baseline, had ≥4 days of study drug, compliant with therapy. Excludes indeterminates.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tigecycline | Number of Clinically Evaluable (CE) Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit | 162 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Number of Clinically Evaluable (CE) Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit | 152 participants |
Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients
Healthcare resource utilization assessment included intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU inpatient hospitalization. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug.
Time frame: up to 6 weeks
Population: All patients who received at least 1 dose of study article.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tigecycline | Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients | Intensive care unit | 6 participants |
| Tigecycline | Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients | Non-ICU inpatient hospitalization | 268 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients | Intensive care unit | 9 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients | Non-ICU inpatient hospitalization | 263 participants |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate
In vitro activity of the study drugs against a range of pathogenic bacteria that cause complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) were analyzed using MIC. MIC 50 and MIC 90 are the lowest concentrations of a drug that inhibit the growth of 50% and 90% of a microorganism, respectively. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug.
Time frame: up to 6 weeks
Population: m-mITT: Patients with ≥1 dose of study drug, had cSSSI and baseline isolate from infection site / blood. MIC reported for isolates present in ≥10 m-mITT patients. In the categories below n is the actual number of isolates used to caluculate the MIC 50 and MIC 90.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Enterococcus Faecalis MIC50 (n=20,20) | 0.12 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Enterococcus Faecalis MIC90 (n=20,20) | 0.25 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Escherichia Coli MIC50 (n=29,29) | 0.25 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Escherichia Coli MIC90 (n=29,29) | 0.50 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Klebsiella Pneumoniae MIC50 (n=13,13) | 0.50 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Klebsiella Pneumoniae MIC90 (n=13,13) | 2.00 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Staphylococcus Aureus MIC50 (n=176,176) | 0.12 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Staphylococcus Aureus MIC90 (n=176,176) | 0.25 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Agalactiae MIC50 (n=18,18) | 0.03 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Agalactiae MIC90 (n=18,18) | 0.06 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Pyogenes MIC50 (n=18,18) | 0.03 mcg/mL |
| Tigecycline | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Pyogenes MIC90 (n=18,18) | 0.06 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Pyogenes MIC50 (n=18,18) | 0.06 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Enterococcus Faecalis MIC50 (n=20,20) | 1.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Staphylococcus Aureus MIC50 (n=176,176) | 2.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Enterococcus Faecalis MIC90 (n=20,20) | 1.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Agalactiae MIC90 (n=18,18) | 0.12 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Escherichia Coli MIC50 (n=29,29) | 8.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Staphylococcus Aureus MIC90 (n=176,176) | 8.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Escherichia Coli MIC90 (n=29,29) | 32.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Pyogenes MIC90 (n=18,18) | 0.06 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Klebsiella Pneumoniae MIC50 (n=13,13) | 2.00 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Streptococcus Agalactiae MIC50 (n=18,18) | 0.12 mcg/mL |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate | Klebsiella Pneumoniae MIC90 (n=13,13) | 8.00 mcg/mL |
Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit
Microbiological response assessed at patient level. Eradication=baseline isolate not present in repeat culture from the original infection site; Presumed Eradication=clinical response of cure precluded the availability of a specimen for culture; Persistence=baseline isolate present in repeat culture from the original infection site; Presumed Persistence=culture data not available for patients with a clinical response of failure; Superinfection=culture from the primary infection site had new pathogen not identified as a baseline isolate and clinical response was failure.
Time frame: up to 6 weeks
Population: Microbiologically Evaluable patients:CE patients who had baseline culture with ≥1 identified pathogen susceptible to both study drugs (ie, the pathogen is susceptible to tigecycline and comparator). TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tigecycline | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | Eradication + presumed eradication | 95 participants |
| Tigecycline | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | Persistence + Presumed persistence | 25 participants |
| Tigecycline | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | Superinfection | 2 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | Eradication + presumed eradication | 76 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | Persistence + Presumed persistence | 23 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit | Superinfection | 1 participants |
Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit
Investigator assigned clinical response of cure of the cSSSI defined as: resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms of infection (healing of chronic underlying skin ulcer not required) or improvement of signs or symptoms of the infection to such an extent that no further antibacterial therapy was necessary. ME population were subjects who were CE and had baseline culture with at least 1 identified isolate that was susceptible to study drug and comparator. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug.
Time frame: up to 6 weeks
Population: Microbiologically Evaluable patients:Clinically Evaluable (CE) patients who had baseline culture with ≥1 identified pathogen susceptible to both study drugs (ie, the pathogen is susceptible to tigecycline and comparator). Excludes indeterminates.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Tigecycline | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit | 96 participants |
| Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate | Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit | 77 participants |