Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine if long-term administration of a macrolide antibiotic will reduce worsening of symptoms among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Detailed description
BACKGROUND: The prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost of COPD are high and increasing. COPD is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide and is the only condition in the top 10 causes of death that has an increasing prevalence and mortality. The cost of health care for patients with COPD in the U.S. is approximately $6.5 billion per year; acute exacerbations account for between 31% and 68% of that cost. Macrolide antibiotics may reduce the frequency and/or severity of COPD exacerbations, as a result of their antibacterial properties and anti-inflammatory effects. Long-term administration of macrolide antibiotics in patients with a number of other pulmonary disorders has resulted in clinically important improvements. It is hypothesized that administration of a macrolide antibiotic (azithromycin) for 1 year, when added to usual care, will decrease the frequency and severity of COPD exacerbations. If this hypothesis is correct, the proposed treatment is also expected to reduce the mortality of COPD patients. DESIGN NARRATIVE: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that will enroll 1130 patients with at least moderately severe COPD who, based on clinical indicators, have an increased likelihood of experiencing an acute exacerbation during the study period. Patients will be monitored monthly, including careful assessments of possible macrolide-related side effects. The exclusion criteria for this study will include a variety of conditions or medications that are known to adversely interact with macrolides. The primary endpoint of this study is time until the first acute COPD exacerbation. The secondary endpoints include macrolide-related side effects, the incidence of macrolide-resistant bacterial colonization, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness.
Interventions
DRUGMacrolide Antibiotic (Azithromycin)
Azithromycin (daily capsule, 250 mg for 12 months)
DRUGPlacebo
Placebo taken on a daily basis
Sponsors
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
University of Minnesota
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Clinical diagnosis of at least moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), as defined by the following Global Initiative for COPD (GOLD) criteria: 1. Post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of less than 70% 2. Post-bronchodilator FEV1 less than 80% predicted, with or without chronic symptoms * Cigarette consumption of 10 pack-years or more (may or may not be active smokers) * Meets one or more of the following four conditions: 1. Current, or history of, supplemental O2 use 2. Received a course of systemic corticosteroids for respiratory problems within 1 year prior to study entry 3. Visited an emergency department for a COPD exacerbation within 1 year prior to study entry 4. Hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation within 1 year prior to study entry * Willing to make return visits * Available by telephone for duration of study * Minimum of 4 weeks from the most recent acute exacerbation (have not received a course of systemic corticosteroids, an increased dose of chronically administered systemic corticosteroids, and/or antibiotics for an acute exacerbation for a minimum of 4 weeks from the time of study entry)
Exclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of asthma * Diagnosis other than COPD that results in the patient being either medically unstable, or having a predicted life expectancy less than 3 years * Special patient groups (i.e., prisoners, pregnant women, or institutionalized patients) * Women who are at risk of becoming pregnant during the study (pre-menopausal) and who refuse to use acceptable birth control (i.e., hormone-based oral or barrier contraceptive) for the duration of the study * History of hypersensitivity to any macrolide antibiotic * Taking any of the following medications: 1. Cisapride 2. Ergot derivatives 3. Pimozide 4. Disopyramide 5. Cyclosporin 6. Tacrolimus 7. Nelfinavir 8. Bromocriptine 9. Hexobarbital * Corrected QT interval (QTc) on electrocardiogram exceeding 440 ms * Taking rifabutin or rifampin * Chronic hepatic insufficiency * Chronic renal insufficiency * Diagnosis of bronchiectasis (defined as production of greater than one-half cup of purulent sputum/day) * If, for either ear, formal audiometric testing in a sound booth results in a pure tone average (i.e., the average of the thresholds for the 4 frequencies 1000, 2000, 3000, or 4000) exceeding 50 decibel (dB), or if the threshold at any one frequency exceeds 60 dB, then the participant will be counseled by the audiologist concerning hearing aids and/or referral to an otolaryngologist. In addition, the audiologist may discuss with the participant whether or not to continue in the study. Following the examination and counseling, the participant will also discuss whether or not to continue in the study with one of the study investigators. If it is found that a participant's pure tone average in the two ears differs by more than 15 dB, or if the difference in the two ears for any one frequency exceeds 20 dB, then the participant will not be eligible for randomization into the study unless cleared by an otolaryngologist
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time Until First Occurrence of Acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation | Measured monthly through 13 months | Time until first occurrence of acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbation. Acute exacerbations are defined as a complex of respiratory symptoms (increase or new onset) of more than one of the following: cough, sputum, wheezing, dyspnea, or chest tightness with a duration of at least three days requiring treatment with antibiotics and/or systemic steroids |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Exacerbations/Patient Year | Measured monthly until 13 months | Acute exacerbations are defined as a complex of respiratory symptoms (increase or new onset) of more than one of the following: cough, sputum, wheezing, dyspnea, or chest tightness with a duration of at least three days requiring treatment with antibiotics and/or systemic steroids |
| Number of Emergency Department Visits as a Result of Acute Exacerbations | Measured monthly for 12 months | — |
| Number of Hospital Admissions as a Result of Acute Exacerbations | Measured monthly for 12 months | — |
| Change in Age-adjusted Hearing Threshold | Baseline and 12 months | Assessed by audiometry for four sound frequencies (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 Hz). The maximum was computed for each threshold in each ear for all frequencies, then the differences between visits were assessed. |
| Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum | Baseline | Cultures from 68% of the participants in the azithromycin group and 70% in the placebo group who were not colonized with selected respiratory pathogens at the time of enrollment but who became colonized during the course of the study were available for susceptibility testing for the incidence of macrolide-resistant bacterial colonization. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Azithromycin Azithromycin, 250 mg | 570 |
| Placebo Inactive sugar pill | 572 |
| Total | 1,142 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 12 | 13 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Azithromycin | Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 604 Participants | 293 Participants | 311 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 538 Participants | 277 Participants | 261 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 65.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 | 64.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.7 | 65.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.4 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 25 Participants | 11 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 1117 Participants | 559 Participants | 558 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 10 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 168 Participants | 79 Participants | 89 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 38 Participants | 20 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 920 Participants | 463 Participants | 457 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 1142 participants | 570 participants | 572 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 463 Participants | 234 Participants | 229 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 679 Participants | 336 Participants | 343 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 500 / 570 | 444 / 572 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 217 / 570 | 217 / 572 |
Outcome results
Primary
Time Until First Occurrence of Acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation
Time until first occurrence of acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbation. Acute exacerbations are defined as a complex of respiratory symptoms (increase or new onset) of more than one of the following: cough, sputum, wheezing, dyspnea, or chest tightness with a duration of at least three days requiring treatment with antibiotics and/or systemic steroids
Time frame: Measured monthly through 13 months
Population: Participants that had any follow-up data were included in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Time Until First Occurrence of Acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation | 266 Days |
| Placebo | Time Until First Occurrence of Acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation | 174 Days |
Secondary
Change in Age-adjusted Hearing Threshold
Assessed by audiometry for four sound frequencies (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 Hz). The maximum was computed for each threshold in each ear for all frequencies, then the differences between visits were assessed.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 months
Population: Participants with both baseline and one-year audiometry data available were analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Change in Age-adjusted Hearing Threshold | -1.2 Decibels (db) | Standard Deviation 4.2 |
| Placebo | Change in Age-adjusted Hearing Threshold | -0.9 Decibels (db) | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
Secondary
Exacerbations/Patient Year
Acute exacerbations are defined as a complex of respiratory symptoms (increase or new onset) of more than one of the following: cough, sputum, wheezing, dyspnea, or chest tightness with a duration of at least three days requiring treatment with antibiotics and/or systemic steroids
Time frame: Measured monthly until 13 months
Population: Participants with any follow-up data were analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Exacerbations/Patient Year | 1.48 exacerbations/patient year |
| Placebo | Exacerbations/Patient Year | 1.83 exacerbations/patient year |
Secondary
Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum
Cultures from 68% of the participants in the azithromycin group and 70% in the placebo group who were not colonized with selected respiratory pathogens at the time of enrollment but who became colonized during the course of the study were available for susceptibility testing for the incidence of macrolide-resistant bacterial colonization.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Using cultures from participants who were not colonized with selected respiratory pathogens at the time of enrollment but who became colonized during the course of the study, samples were available from 68% of the participants in the azithromycin group and 70% in the placebo group among these cultures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum | 23 Participants |
| Placebo | Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum | 28 Participants |
Secondary
Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum
Cultures from some participants who were not colonized with selected respiratory pathogens at the time of enrollment but who became colonized during the course of the study were available for susceptibility testing for the incidence of macrolide-resistant bacterial colonization.
Time frame: During Course of Study (either month 3, 6, 9, or 12)
Population: Using cultures from participants who were not colonized with selected respiratory pathogens at the time of enrollment but who became colonized during the course of the study, samples were available from 68% of the participants in the azithromycin group and 70% in the placebo group among these cultures.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum | 38 participants |
| Placebo | Incidence of Macrolide-resistant Bacterial Colonization of the Nasopharynx or Sputum | 44 participants |
Secondary
Number of Emergency Department Visits as a Result of Acute Exacerbations
Time frame: Measured monthly for 12 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Number of Emergency Department Visits as a Result of Acute Exacerbations | 199 Visits |
| Placebo | Number of Emergency Department Visits as a Result of Acute Exacerbations | 257 Visits |
Secondary
Number of Hospital Admissions as a Result of Acute Exacerbations
Time frame: Measured monthly for 12 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin | Number of Hospital Admissions as a Result of Acute Exacerbations | 156 Hospitalizations |
| Placebo | Number of Hospital Admissions as a Result of Acute Exacerbations | 200 Hospitalizations |