Multiple Sclerosis
Conditions
Keywords
stem cell, autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis
Brief summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is at onset an immune-mediated demyelinating disease. In most cases, it starts as a relapsing-remitting disease with distinct attacks and no symptoms between flares. Over years or decades, virtually all cases transition into a progressive disease in which insidious and slow neurologic deterioration occurs with or without acute flares. Relapsing-remitting disease is often responsive to immune suppressive or modulating therapies, while immune based therapies are generally ineffective in patients with a progressive clinical course. This clinical course and response to immune suppression, as well as neuropathology and neuroimaging studies, suggest that disease progression is associated with axonal atrophy. Disability correlates better with measures of axonal atrophy than immune mediated demyelination. Therefore, immune based therapies, in order to be effective, need to be started early in the disease course while MS is predominately an immune-mediated and inflammatory disease. While current immune based therapies delay disability, no intervention has been proven to prevent progressive disability. We propose, as a randomized study, autologous unmanipulated PBSCT using a conditioning regimen of cyclophosphamide and rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) versus FDA approved standard of care (i.e. interferon, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, or tecfidera) in patients with inflammatory (relapsing) MS despite treatment with alternate approved therapy.
Detailed description
To assess the efficacy of autologous PBSCT versus FDA approved standard of care ( i.e. interferon, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, or tecfidera) for inflammatory multiple sclerosis (MS) failing failing alternate approved therapy. The endpoints to be considered in this study are: 2.1 Primary Endpoint: Disease progression, defined as a 1 point increase in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) on consecutive evaluations at least 6 months apart and not due to a non-MS disease process. Patients will be followed for 5 years after randomization.
Interventions
PROCEDUREHematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy
After mobilization and harvest of stem cells, stem cells will be infused following conditioning regimen
DRUGStandard treatment with a conventional drug
Standard treatment with a conventional drug is the treatment with one of the following drugs: Avonex (interferon beta 1a), Betaseron (interferon beta 1b), Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), Aubagio (teriflunomide), Tysabri (natalizumab), or Gilenya (fingolimod)
Sponsors
Uppsala University
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
University of Sao Paulo
Northwestern University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Age between18-55, inclusive. 2. Diagnosis of MS using revised McDonald criteria of clinically definite MS (Appendix I). 3. An EDSS score of 2.0 to 6.0 (Appendix II). 4. Inflammatory disease despite treatment with standard disease modifying therapy including at least 6 months of interferon or copaxone. Inflammatory disease is defined based on both MRI (gadolinium enhancing lesions) and clinical activity (acute relapses \*treated with IV or oral high dose corticosteroids and prescribed by a neurologist). Minimum disease activity required for failure is defined as: a) two or more \*steroid treated clinical relapses with documented new objective signs on neurological examination documented by a neurologist within the year prior to the study, or b) one \*steroid treated clinical relapse within the year prior to study and evidence on MRI of active inflammation (i.e., gadolinium enhancement) within the last 12 months on an occasion separate from the clinical relapse (3 months before or after the clinical relapse). * A steroid treated relapse will include a relapse that was severe enough to justify treatment but due to patient intolerance of steroids, or a history of non-response to steroids, they were offered but not used.
Exclusion criteria
\*\* 1. Any illness that in the opinion of the investigators would jeopardize the ability of the patient to tolerate aggressive chemotherapy. 2. Prior history of malignancy except localized basal cell, squamous skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Other malignancies for which the patient is judged to be cured, such as head and neck cancer, or breast cancer will be considered on an individual basis. 3. Positive pregnancy test 4. Inability or unwillingness to pursue effective means of birth control from the time of evaluation for eligibility until 6 months posttransplant (if on transplant) or until appropriate for non-transplant treatment (if on control arm). Effective birth control is defined as 1) abstinence defined as refraining from all acts of vaginal intercourse; 2) consistent use of birth control pills; 3) injectable birth control methods (Depo-provera, Norplant); 4) tubal sterilization or male partner who has undergone vasectomy; 5) placement of an intrauterine device (IUD); or 6) use, with every act of intercourse, of diaphragm with contraceptive jelly and/or condoms with contraceptive foam. 5. Failure to willingly accept or comprehend irreversible sterility as a side effect of therapy 6. Forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) / forced vital capacity (FVC) \< 60% of predicted after bronchodilator therapy (if necessary) 7. Diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) \< 50% of predicted (for the transplant arm) 8. Resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \< 50 % 9. Bilirubin \> 2.0 mg/dl 10. Serum creatinine \> 2.0 mg/dl 11. Known hypersensitivity to mouse, rabbit, or E. Coli derived proteins, or to iron compounds/medications 12. Presence of metallic objects implanted in the body that would preclude the ability of the patient to safely have MRI exams 13. Diagnosis of primary progressive MS 14. Diagnosis of secondary progressive MS 15. Platelet count \< 100,000/ul, white blood cell count (WBC) \< 1,500 cells/mm3 16. Psychiatric illness, mental deficiency or cognitive dysfunction making compliance with treatment or informed consent impossible 17. Active infection except asymptomatic bacteriuria 18. Use of natalizumab (Tysabri) within the previous 6 months 19. Use of fingolimod (Gilenya) within the previous 3 months 20. Use of teriflunomide (Aubagio) within the previous 2 years unless cleared from the body (plasma concentration \< 0.02mcg/ml) following elimination from the body with cholestyramine 8g three times a day for 11 days 21. Prior treatment with CAMPATH (alemtuzumab) 22. Prior treatment with mitoxantrone 23. Any hereditary neurological disease such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) or Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are contraindications 24. Use of tecfidera within the previous 3 months * For patients who clearly have inflammatory disease, an exception can be made if agreed upon by study PI and at least two study neurologists.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | Pre Treatment, 6 and 12 months Post Treatment | The EDSS scale ranges from 0 to 10 in 0.5 increments that represent higher levels of disability. Improvement in EDSS is defined by both a 0.5 or 1.0 points sustained for more than 6 months. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy will be performed as follows: Autologous stem cells will be infused after conditioning with Cyclophosphamide and rATG
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy: After mobilization and harvest of stem cells, stem cells will be infused following conditioning regimen | 55 |
| Standard Therapy for MS Standard treatment with a conventional drug is the treatment with one of the following drugs: Avonex (interferon beta 1a), Betaseron (interferon beta 1b), Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), Aubagio (teriflunomide), Tysabri (natalizumab), Gilenya (fingolimod) or Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera or BG-12)
Standard treatment with a conventional drug: Standard treatment with a conventional drug is the treatment with one of the following drugs: Avonex (interferon beta 1a), Betaseron (interferon beta 1b), Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), Aubagio (teriflunomide), Tysabri (natalizumab), or Gilenya (fingolimod) | 55 |
| Total | 110 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | Standard Therapy for MS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 35.6 years | 35.6 years | 35.6 years |
| Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) | 3.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 3.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 | 3.35 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.05 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 34 Participants | 39 Participants | 73 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 21 Participants | 16 Participants | 37 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 52 | 0 / 55 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 17 / 52 | 0 / 55 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 52 | 0 / 55 |
Outcome results
Primary
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement
The EDSS scale ranges from 0 to 10 in 0.5 increments that represent higher levels of disability. Improvement in EDSS is defined by both a 0.5 or 1.0 points sustained for more than 6 months.
Time frame: Pre Treatment, 6 and 12 months Post Treatment
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from the overall number analyzed because not all patients had their EDSS evaluated and some patients were lost to followed up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | 6 Months Post Treatment | 2.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | Pre Treatment | 3.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | 12 Months Post Treatment | 2.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Standard Therapy for MS | Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | Pre Treatment | 3.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Standard Therapy for MS | Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | 6 Months Post Treatment | 3.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| Standard Therapy for MS | Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Improvement | 12 Months Post Treatment | 4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |