Impact of Maternal Vitamin A or Beta-Carotene Supplementation on Maternal and Infant Mortality in Bangladesh

Infant Mortality, Maternal Mortality, Vitamin A Deficiency

Maternal mortality, Infant mortality, Vitamin A, Beta-carotene, Micronutrients, Bangladesh, Neonatal mortality

The purpose of this trial is to determine whether providing women with a weekly oral supplement of vitamin A, either preformed or as beta-carotene, at a dosage equivalent to a recommended intake from early pregnancy through three months postpartum, can reduce the risk of maternal mortality, fetal loss, or infant mortality.

Maternal mortality and vitamin A deficiency coexist in rural South Asia. In Nepal, weekly supplementation with vitamin A or beta-carotene during the child-bearing years reduced all-cause maternal mortality and, in night blind women, also infant mortality. The present trial is testing the efficacy of the same supplements from \ 9 weeks' gestation to 12 weeks postpartum. The planned sample size is 68,000 pregnancies. It is being conducted in 19 rural unions, covering an area of \ 750 sq km with a population of \ 580,000 in Gaibandha and Southern Rangpur Districts in Northern Bangladesh. The study area was mapped as 596 sectors (unit of randomization), each comprising 200-275 households; \ 135,000 houses were numerically addressed and, at the outset, 103,000 women were listed. Women are visited at home every 5 weeks by 596 trained female staff to detect pregnancy by a combination of menstrual history and urine testing. Newly married women are prospectively enlisted for pregnancy surveillance. Following informed consent urine-positive (pregnant) women detected during surveillance are enrolled to receive weekly a capsule containing 7000 retinol equivalents of preformed vitamin A, 42 mg of beta-carotene or placebo. Vital events are recorded weekly through 3 months postpartum. Trained interviewers conduct maternal nutritional and health and household socioeconomic assessments in the 1st trimester. At 3 months postpartum, interviewers assess both mother and infant for health and nutritional status, including apparent birth defects that are later physician-confirmed. An additional home health assessment occurs at 6 months post partum, and vital status is recorded for mother and infant at one year postpartum. A \ 3% subsample of enrolled pregnant women participate in a substudy involving enhanced clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, body compositional, morbidity and interview-based assessment protocols in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters, and at 3 months post-partum. Reported maternal and infant deaths are verified and causes ascertained during verbal autopsy interviews with family members of the deceased.

Bangladesh, United States

Participants by arm

Withdrawals & dropouts