Kidney Transplant Failure and Rejection
Conditions
Keywords
Kidney Transplant, Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients
Brief summary
This is an open label, single-center, randomized phase IV pilot study of steroid and calcineurin inhibitor avoidance in renal transplant recipients. All patients will receive two doses of alemtuzumab to achieve peripheral T-cell depletion. Intravenous glucocorticoids will be administered prior to alemtuzumab administration to limit cytokine release syndrome in association with this monoclonal antibody, and continued for the first two days post-transplant. Thereafter, steroids will not be used for immunosuppression. All transplant recipients will be started on oral immunosuppressive therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) prior to transplant. Pretransplant, these patients will be randomized to receive, in addition, either tacrolimus (Tac) or sirolimus. After six months, patients in the tacrolimus arm who do not experience rejection will be randomized to continue on tacrolimus or to be converted to the combination of sirolimus and MMF. Individuals in this arm of the study who do not experience acute rejection, and demonstrate evidence of donor specific hyporesponsiveness at 9 months post-transplant (those staying on Tac + MMF) or 3 months post-conversion (those converted from Tac + MMF to sirolimus + MMF) will be weaned to MMF monotherapy. Individuals in the sirolimus + MMF arm who do not experience acute rejection and demonstrate evidence of donor specific hyporesponsiveness at 6 months post-transplant will be weaned to MMF monotherapy.
Interventions
DRUGTacrolimus (TAC)
Tacrolimus (TAC) will be given standard of care by prescription twice a day (2.0 mg), orally. Doses will be adjusted by serum levels. The dose will be modified to achieve 12 hour trough concentrations of 5-8 ng/mL.
DRUGSirolimus
Sirolimus will be given standard of care by prescription, dosed at 5mg daily. The dosage will be adjusted by serum level to achieve 24 hour trough concentrations of 8-12 ng/mL by HPLC assay.
DRUGAlemtuzumab
Patients receiving alemtuzumab will be premedicated with 50mg of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and 650mg of acetaminophen 30-60 minutes to the first Alemtuzumab infusion. The of 30mg will be diluted in 100cc sterile 0.9% normal saline and infused over 2 hours. The infusion line must contain an in-line 0.22-micron filter. Alemtuzumab will be administered on the day of transplant (intraoperatively), and on post-operative day 2. Both doses will be administered while the patient is in the hospital. Alemtuzumab is supplied in single-use clear glass ampoules containing 30mg of alemtuzumab in 3mL of solution.
DRUGMycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
MMF will be given at 1.0-1.5gm, twice daily, orally. The first dose will be given pre-transplant, open label fashion.
Sponsors
Roche Pharma AG
Northwestern University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Patients who are male or female age 18-65 years 2. Donor age 18-65 years 3. Patients who are single-organ recipients (kidney only) 4. Women who are of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test before transplantation and agree to use a medically acceptable method of contraception throughout the treatment period. 5. Subject (recipient) is able to understand the consent form and give written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
1. Known sensitivity or contraindication to sirolimus, tacrolimus or MMF 2. Patient with significant or active infection 3. Patients with a positive lymphocytotoxic crossmatch using donor lymphocytes and recipient serum 4. Patients with PRA \> 20% 5. Patients who are pregnant or nursing mothers 6. Patients whose life expectancy is severely limited by diseases other than renal disease 7. Ongoing active substance abuse, drug or alcohol 8. Major ongoing psychiatric illness or recent history of noncompliance 9. Significant cardiovascular disease (e.g.): * Significant non-correctable coronary artery disease * Ejection fraction below 30% * History of recent myocardial infarction 10. Malignancy within 3 years, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers 11. Serologic evidence of infection with HIV or HBVsAg positive 12. Patients with a screening/baseline total white blood cell count \< 4,000/mm3; platelet count \< 100,000/mm3; triglycerides \> 400 mg/dl; total cholesterol \> 300 mg/dl 13. Investigational drug within 30 days prior to transplant surgery 14. Anti-T cell therapy within 30 days prior to transplant surgery 15. Patients using Prednisone 16. Patients who are ABO incompatible
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Incidence of Biopsy-proven Acute Allograft Rejection During the First 12 Months of Transplant. | Within 12 months post kidney transplant | The incidence of rejection is determined by the proportion of patients experiencing biopsy proven acute allograft rejection during the first 12 months post-transplant. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Severity of Acute Rejection During the First 6 and 12 Months Post-transplant | Months 6-12 post-transplant | The diagnosis of rejection will be based on clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, and confirmed by core renal allograft biopsy. |
| Renal Function at 12 Months Post-transplant | At 12 months post-transplant | Laboratory tests for renal function include creatinine or iothalamate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). |
| Incidence of Donor Specific Hyporesponsiveness Allowing for the Conversion to Monotherapy | At 6 & 9 months post-transplant | The proportion of subjects for both groups determine this measure: 1) Patients in tacrolimus arm who do not experience acute rejection and demonstrate evidence of donor specific hyporesonsiveness at 9 months post-transplant (those staying on TAC+MMF) or 3 months post-convertion (converted from TAC+MMF to Sirolimus+MMF) will be weaned to MMF monotherapy; 2) Those in the sirolimus+MMF arm who do not experience acute rejection and demonstrate evidence of donor specific hyporesponsiveness at 6 months post-transplant will be weaned to MMF monotherapy. |
| Patient and Graft Survival Rates at 6 and 12 Months Post-transplant | At 6 & 12 months post-transplant | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
All patients were approached in the transplant clinic a Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Recruitment began April 2005 and ended April 2009.
Pre-assignment details
Before being randomized (assigned to group) into Group 1 or Group 2, patients were screened based on inclusion/exclusion criteria (see Eligibility Criteria section). Randomization was decided before transplant surgery. Before re-randomization could begin (6 months after surgery), subjects could not be showing signs of organ rejection.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Group 1: Alemtuzumab + TAC (Prograf) + MMF Receive two doses of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H, 30mg) by intravenous (IV) infusion. One dose during kidney transplant surgery and the second dose on day 2 (post-surgery) to achieve peripheral T-cell depletion. IV glucocorticoids will be given prior to Campath administration to limit cytokine release syndrome in association with this monoclonal antibody. MMF on the day of surgery and continue taking it by mouth, twice daily. TAC (Prograf) started on the 1st day after surgery, and then taken by mouth twice daily. | 24 |
| Group 2: Alemtuzumab + Sirolimus + MMF Sirolimus will be taken by mouth before transplant surgery and will continue taking once daily after surgery. Group 2 will also receive 2 doses of Alemtuzumab: one during surgery and the second will be given on the second day after surgery. Mycophenolate mofetil will be give on the day of surgery and twice daily, by mouth, as instructed by the doctor.
If subjects do not experience kidney rejection after 6 months after surgery, they will be weaned off of the sirolimus and continue taking the mycophenolate mofetil. | 16 |
| Total | 40 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Death | 0 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 0 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Group 2: Alemtuzumab + Sirolimus + MMF | Group 1: Alemtuzumab + TAC (Prograf) + MMF | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 16 Participants | 24 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 48.125 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.51738 | 46.45833 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.25584 | 47.125 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.24366 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 16 participants | 24 participants | 40 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 12 Participants | 15 Participants | 27 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 16 / 24 | 14 / 16 | 2 / 3 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 4 / 24 | 4 / 16 | 1 / 3 |
Outcome results
Primary
The Incidence of Biopsy-proven Acute Allograft Rejection During the First 12 Months of Transplant.
The incidence of rejection is determined by the proportion of patients experiencing biopsy proven acute allograft rejection during the first 12 months post-transplant.
Time frame: Within 12 months post kidney transplant
Population: 33 total subjects reached the 12 month participation mark.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Groups | The Incidence of Biopsy-proven Acute Allograft Rejection During the First 12 Months of Transplant. | 4 Participants |
| Group 2 | The Incidence of Biopsy-proven Acute Allograft Rejection During the First 12 Months of Transplant. | 6 Participants |
Secondary
Incidence of Donor Specific Hyporesponsiveness Allowing for the Conversion to Monotherapy
The proportion of subjects for both groups determine this measure: 1) Patients in tacrolimus arm who do not experience acute rejection and demonstrate evidence of donor specific hyporesonsiveness at 9 months post-transplant (those staying on TAC+MMF) or 3 months post-convertion (converted from TAC+MMF to Sirolimus+MMF) will be weaned to MMF monotherapy; 2) Those in the sirolimus+MMF arm who do not experience acute rejection and demonstrate evidence of donor specific hyporesponsiveness at 6 months post-transplant will be weaned to MMF monotherapy.
Time frame: At 6 & 9 months post-transplant
Population: Study was stopped due to efficacy and no data was collected for this outcome measure.
Secondary
Patient and Graft Survival Rates at 6 and 12 Months Post-transplant
Time frame: At 6 & 12 months post-transplant
Population: Study was stopped due to efficacy and no data was collected for this outcome measure.
Secondary
Renal Function at 12 Months Post-transplant
Laboratory tests for renal function include creatinine or iothalamate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Time frame: At 12 months post-transplant
Population: Study was stopped due to efficacy and no data was collected for this outcome measure.
Secondary
Severity of Acute Rejection During the First 6 and 12 Months Post-transplant
The diagnosis of rejection will be based on clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, and confirmed by core renal allograft biopsy.
Time frame: Months 6-12 post-transplant
Population: Study was terminated due to efficacy and there is no data was collected for this outcome measure.