Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Behavior
Brief summary
A study examining menu choices made at fast food restaurants.
Detailed description
To examine the effect of point-of-purchase calorie information and value size pricing on fast food meal choices a randomized 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted in which participants ordered a fast food meal from one of four menus that varied with respect to whether calorie information was provided and whether value size pricing was used.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMenu: calories=yes, value pricing=no
BEHAVIORALMenu: calories=yes, value pricing = yes
BEHAVIORALMenu: calories=no, value pricing = no
Sponsors
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
University of Minnesota
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
16 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Must be 16 years old or older * Must regularly eat at fast food restaurants
Exclusion criteria
* Non-english speakers
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Total Calories of Meal Ordered | single study visit | — |
| Energy Intake | After meal | energy content of meal ordered and consumed. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Menu: Calories=Yes, Value Pricing=no Calories listed on menu, but value pricing was not in place. | 150 |
| Menu: Calories=Yes, Value Pricing = Yes Calories listed on menu, value pricing in place. | 151 |
| Menu: Calories=no, Value Pricing = no Calories not listed on menu, value pricing not in place | 143 |
| Menu: Calories=no, Value Pricing = Yes CONTROL CONDITION: calories not listed on menu, value pricing in place. | 150 |
| Total | 594 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Protocol Violation | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Menu: Calories=Yes, Value Pricing=no | Menu: Calories=Yes, Value Pricing = Yes | Menu: Calories=no, Value Pricing = no | Menu: Calories=no, Value Pricing = Yes | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 32 Participants | 30 Participants | 45 Participants | 40 Participants | 147 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 23 Participants | 29 Participants | 18 Participants | 14 Participants | 84 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 95 Participants | 92 Participants | 80 Participants | 96 Participants | 363 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 150 participants | 151 participants | 143 participants | 150 participants | 594 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 81 Participants | 94 Participants | 89 Participants | 89 Participants | 353 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 69 Participants | 57 Participants | 54 Participants | 61 Participants | 241 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Energy Intake
energy content of meal ordered and consumed.
Time frame: After meal
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Menu: Calories=Yes, Value Pricing=no | Energy Intake | 842.3 kcal/meal | Standard Deviation 425.3 |
| Menu: Calories=Yes, Value Pricing = Yes | Energy Intake | 873.6 kcal/meal | Standard Deviation 439.1 |
| Menu: Calories=no, Value Pricing = no | Energy Intake | 881.7 kcal/meal | Standard Deviation 353.6 |
| Menu: Calories=no, Value Pricing = Yes | Energy Intake | 827.5 kcal/meal | Standard Deviation 400.6 |
Primary
Total Calories of Meal Ordered
Time frame: single study visit