Brief Strategic Family Therapy for Adolescent Drug Abusers

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. For the Follow Up Study, the TLFB was used to identify drug use in the 90 day period that preceded the assessment. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use over the past 90 days. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use.The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 90 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days 90 days prior assessment

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. For the Follow Up Study, the TLFB was used to identify drug use in the 90 day period that preceded the assessment. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use over the past 90 days. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use.The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 90 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days 90 days prior to assessment

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days in days 29-56

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 29-56. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from 28 days prior to baseline

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed the baseline time point, assessing for the past 28 days. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 1-28

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 1-28. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 57-84

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 57-84. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 85-112

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 85-112. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 113-140

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 113-140. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 141 - 168

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 141-168. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 169-196

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 169-196. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 197-224

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 197-224. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 225-252

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 225-252. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 253-280

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 253-280. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use from days 281-308

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 281-308. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 309-336

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 309-336. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) measured drug use. At baseline, TLFB identified drug use in the 28-day period that preceded the baseline assessment. At all other time points the TLFB was used to collect data on daily use from the prior assessment to the current assessment. Thus, the TLFB was used to collect 365 continuous days of data on daily drug use after randomization. TLFB interview uses a calendar and other memory prompts to stimulate recall to obtain retrospective reports of daily substance use. Urine drug screens were conducted using Sure Step 10 urine drug screens and urine cups, which included temperature controlled monitoring and detection of adulterants. Urine drug screens were administered immediately prior to the administration of the TLFB to improve the chances of accurate reporting of days of use. The higher the median number, the more drug use; minimum median of drug use 0 days and maximum median of 28 days.

Time frame: Number of self reported drug use days from day 337-364

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for drug use from day 337-364. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

For the follow up study, externalizing behavior for the 90 days prior to the follow up was assessed using the externalizing composite of the Adult Self Report (ASR). The ASR is a 123 item self report scale designed for 18 to 59 year-old to describe their own functioning. Items are on a 3 point likert type scale (0= not true, 1=somewhat true, 2=very true or often true). The externalizing scale is comprised by the aggressive, rule braking and intrusive syndromes. The problem syndromes have been normed by sex and age (18 to 35, or 36 to 59), using a nationally representative sample. Scores were square-root transformed to more closely approximate a normal distribution. Scores ranged from 0 to 7.2. The higher the score, the more externalizing behavior. Participants were also asked to self report arrests in the past year . Externalizing was analyzed using regression

Time frame: 90 days prior to assessment

For the follow up study, family functioning was measured by a composite of the Cohesion and Conflict scales of the Family Environment Scale. Scores ranged from 1.0 to 18.0. The higher the value, the better the level of family functioning outcome.

Time frame: 90 days prior assessment

For the Follow Up Study, sexual risk behavior was measured by examining the number of unprotected sexual acts and the number of partners and number of sex acts that included substance use the in the 90 day period that preceded the assessment; a latent factor using structural equation modeling will be used created from the Behavioral Risk Assessment. Scores ranged from -0.5 to 11.7. The higher the score, the more risky sexual behavior.

Time frame: 90 days prior assessment

For the Main study, an equally weighted composite of the following standardized scales was used to assess externalizing behaviors: 'Total Delinquency' from the National Youth Survey; 'Oppositional Defiant Disorder' and 'Conduct Problems' from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Predictive Scales, 'Externalizing Scale' from the Youth Self-Report. This composite was then transformed to a z-score using the mean and standard deviation of the baseline in the entire sample. Adolescent externalizing behaviors were assessed at 4-, 8-, and 12-months post randomization.This hypothesis analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Scores ranged from -1.6 to 3.4. The higher the score, the more externalizing behavior.

Time frame: 12 months post randomization

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for externalizing behavior at 12 months post randomization. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

For the Main study, an equally weighted composite of the following standardized scales was used to assess externalizing behaviors: 'Total Delinquency' from the National Youth Survey; 'Oppositional Defiant Disorder' and 'Conduct Problems' from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Predictive Scales, 'Externalizing Scale' from the Youth Self-Report. This composite was then transformed to a z-score using the mean and standard deviation of the baseline in the entire sample. Adolescent externalizing behaviors were assessed at 4-, 8-, and 12-months post randomization.This hypothesis analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Scores ranged from -1.6 to 3.8. The higher the score, the more externalizing behavior.

Time frame: 4 months post randomization

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for externalizing behavior at 4 months post randomization. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

For the Main study, an equally weighted composite of the following standardized scales was used to assess externalizing behaviors: 'Total Delinquency' from the National Youth Survey; 'Oppositional Defiant Disorder' and 'Conduct Problems' from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Predictive Scales, 'Externalizing Scale' from the Youth Self-Report. This composite was then transformed to a z-score using the mean and standard deviation of the baseline in the entire sample. Adolescent externalizing behaviors were assessed at 4-, 8-, and 12-months post randomization.This hypothesis analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Scores ranged from -1.6 to 3.5. The higher the score, the more externalizing behavior.

Time frame: 8 months post randomization

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing for externalizing behavior at 8 months post randomization. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

For the Main study, an equally weighted composite of the following standardized scales was used to assess externalizing behaviors: 'Total Delinquency' from the National Youth Survey; 'Oppositional Defiant Disorder' and 'Conduct Problems' from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Predictive Scales, 'Externalizing Scale' from the Youth Self-Report. This composite was then transformed to a z-score using the mean and standard deviation of the baseline in the entire sample. Adolescent externalizing behaviors were assessed at 4-, 8-, and 12-months post randomization.This hypothesis analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Scores ranged from -1.6 to 3.0. The higher the score, the more externalizing behavior.

Time frame: Baseline

Population: The number of participants analyzed represents the number of participants that completed this time point, assessing externalizing behaviors at baseline. It was not necessary for the participant to complete other time points in order to be analyzed for the current time point.

The four components of the 'Parenting Practices Inventory' used to create a composite for use in this analysis. The four component scales from the Parenting Practices Inventory are 'Positive Parenting', 'Discipline Effectiveness,' 'Avoidance of Discipline' and 'Monitoring' scales from the Pittsburgh Youth Survey. the family functioning composite was standardized by the full sample standard deviation at baseline.Scores ranged from -2.6 to 2.0. The higher the score, the better outcome of family functioning.

Time frame: 12 months post randomization

The four components of the 'Parenting Practices Inventory' used to create a composite for use in this analysis. The four component scales from the Parenting Practices Inventory are 'Positive Parenting', 'Discipline Effectiveness,' 'Avoidance of Discipline' and 'Monitoring' scales from the Pittsburgh Youth Survey. the family functioning composite was standardized by the full sample standard deviation at baseline. Scores ranged from -2.9 to 1.8. The higher the score, the better outcome of family functioning.

Time frame: 4 months post randomization

The four components of the 'Parenting Practices Inventory' used to create a composite for use in this analysis. The four component scales from the Parenting Practices Inventory are 'Positive Parenting', 'Discipline Effectiveness,' 'Avoidance of Discipline' and 'Monitoring' scales from the Pittsburgh Youth Survey. the family functioning composite was standardized by the full sample standard deviation at baseline.Scores ranged from -2.8 to 2.0. The higher the score, the better outcome of family functioning.

Time frame: 8 months post randomization

The four components of the 'Parenting Practices Inventory' used to create a composite for use in this analysis. The four component scales from the Parenting Practices Inventory are 'Positive Parenting', 'Discipline Effectiveness,' 'Avoidance of Discipline' and 'Monitoring' scales from the Pittsburgh Youth Survey. the family functioning composite was standardized by the full sample standard deviation at baseline. Scores ranged from -3.0 to 1.8. The higher the score, the better outcome of family functioning.

Time frame: Baseline

For the Main Study, the total score of the 'HIV/Sex Risk Behaviors' measure was used as the outcome. Scores ranged from -0.5 to 6.7. The higher the score, the more risky sexual behavior.

Time frame: 12 months post randomization

For the Main Study, the total score of the 'HIV/Sex Risk Behaviors' measure was used as the outcome. Scores ranged from -0.5 to 10.4. The higher the score, the more risky sexual behavior.

Time frame: 4 months post randomization

For the Main Study, the total score of the 'HIV/Sex Risk Behaviors' measure was used as the outcome. Scores ranged from -0.5 to 6.8. The higher the score, the more risky sexual behavior.

Time frame: 8 months post randomization

For the Main Study, the total score of the 'HIV/Sex Risk Behaviors' measure was used as the outcome. Scores ranged from -0.5 to 8.7. The higher the score, the more risky sexual behavior.

Time frame: Baseline