Sickle Cell Anemia, Stroke
Conditions
Keywords
silent cerebral infarct, silent stroke, sickle cell anemia, stroke, transfusion therapy
Brief summary
The goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness of blood transfusion therapy for prevention of silent cerebral infarct (stroke) in children with sickle cell anemia.
Detailed description
Silent cerebral infarct (stroke) is the most common cause of severe cognitive impairments and related neurological functions in children with sickle cell anemia. Currently there exists no systemic strategy to identify or treat children with silent strokes. The primary aim of this trial is to determine the effectiveness of blood transfusion therapy for the prevention of silent strokes in children with sickle cell anemia. This trial will also determine if blood transfusion therapy will prevent further cerebral injury and if the measured benefits of the therapy outweigh the risks associated with it. Participants in this multi-center trial will be randomly assigned to one of 2 groups-the blood transfusion group or the observation group. Those in the blood transfusion group will receive at least monthly blood transfusion therapy. All participants will have history and physical examinations every 3 months, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the beginning of their entry into the study and at study exit. Advances in the understanding and treatment of silent strokes will likely lead to a decrease in the burden associated with cerebral injury in children with sickle cell anemia and change the standard care for these children. Statistical Analyses: The original statistical analysis plan suggested a simple difference in proportions between the proportion of individuals with an endpoint in the transfusion group and the proportion of individuals with an endpoint in the usual care group using a traditional chi squared test. The data should be analyzed according to an intent to treat principal. Because of various logistical concerns in SIT, some individuals were not imaged within the 36-month window (30-42 months). We propose using all available information by changing the primary analysis from a dichotomous (yes/no) endpoint to a traditional epidemiological endpoint of an incidence rate in the group randomized to transfusion to the incidence rate in the group randomized to usual care. We will compute the incidence ratio: (a/ta)/(b/tb) Where a is the number of endpoints in the transfusion group, ta is the sum of the individual times at risk of the individuals randomized to the transfusion group, b is the number of endpoints in the observation group and tb is the sum of the individual times at risk of the individuals randomized to the observation group. Since the standard statistical test for it being different than 1.0 involves the assumption of a Poisson distribution, we will compute an exact 95% confidence interval using a bootstrap with a large number of replications.
Interventions
PROCEDUREtransfusion therapy
Those in the blood transfusion group will receive at least monthly blood transfusion therapy.
Sponsors
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Washington University School of Medicine
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
5 Years to 14 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
INCLUSION: * Patient must have sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin SS) or sickle beta thalassemia (hemoglobin SB) as confirmed at the local institution. * Participating institutions must submit documentation of the diagnostic hemoglobin analysis to the Statistical and Clinical Coordinating Centers to confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia prior to randomization. * Patient must be 5 through 14 years of age. * Patient must have a cerebral infarct documented by MRI scan as read by the neuroradiology panel. * Informed consent with assent in accordance with the institutional policies (institutional Institutional Review Board approval) and Federal guidelines (approved by the United States Department of Health and Human Services) must be signed by the patient's legally authorized guardian acknowledging written consent to join the study. When suitable, patients will be requested to give their assent to join the study. EXCLUSION: * Patient with a history of a focal neurologic event lasting more than 24 hours with medical documentation or a history of prior overt stroke. * Patients with a transcranial doppler (TCD) study with a time-averaged mean velocity greater than 200 cm/sec verified by the study radiologist. * Patients with other neurological problems, such as neurofibromatosis, lead poisoning, or tuberous sclerosis. * Patients with HIV infection. * Pregnancy. * Patients who received treatment with anti-sickling drugs or hydroxyurea within 3 months or anticipate receiving anti-sickling drugs or hydroxyurea during the course of the study. * Abnormal kidney function (creatinine \> 2x upper limit of normal). * Patients on chronic blood transfusion therapy for other reasons. * Patients judged not likely to be compliant by his/her hematologist and local nurse coordinator based on previous compliance in clinic appointments and following advice. Specifically, families that have missed at least two appointments without notification within 12 months prior to the trial or parents of potential patients that have been reported for medical or education neglect are not eligible for this trial. * Patients unable to receive blood transfusion because of alloimmunization. * Patients with permanent or semi-permanent metallic (braces on teeth) structures attached to their body. Such patients cannot obtain a MRI of the head to assess the presence of silent cerebral infarcts. * Siblings randomized in the trial.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Recurrence of an Infarct, Defined as a Stroke or a New or Enlarged Silent Cerebral Infarct | From study entry to study exit | The primary end point was the recurrence of infarct or hemorrhage as determined by neuroimaging, clinical evidence of permanent neurologic injury, or both. A new infarct had to meet the criteria for a silent cerebral infarction; an enlarged silent cerebral infarct was defined as a previously identified silent cerebral infarct that increased by at least 3 mm along any linear dimension in any plane on MRI. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment began in December, 2004 and ended May, 2010. Among the 1074 children screened with a MRI of the brain, 1.9% (20 of 1074) had strokes and 35.2% (379 of 1074) had infarct-like lesions. 196 participants completed all pre-randomization procedures and were successfully randomly allocated.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Transfusion Group The transfusion Group received blood transfusion therapy every 4-6 weeks for 36 months. | 99 |
| Observation Group The observation group received standard care therapy and quarterly physical examination by a study hematologist for 36 months. | 97 |
| Total | 196 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Transfusion Group | Observation Group | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 99 Participants | 97 Participants | 196 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 10 years | 10 years | 10 years |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 91 Participants | 90 Participants | 181 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 40 Participants | 45 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 59 Participants | 52 Participants | 111 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 99 / 99 | 97 / 97 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 6 / 99 | 16 / 97 |
Outcome results
Primary
Recurrence of an Infarct, Defined as a Stroke or a New or Enlarged Silent Cerebral Infarct
The primary end point was the recurrence of infarct or hemorrhage as determined by neuroimaging, clinical evidence of permanent neurologic injury, or both. A new infarct had to meet the criteria for a silent cerebral infarction; an enlarged silent cerebral infarct was defined as a previously identified silent cerebral infarct that increased by at least 3 mm along any linear dimension in any plane on MRI.
Time frame: From study entry to study exit
Population: Randomization assignments were provided by the statistical data coordinating center with the use of a permuted block design, with stratification according to site, age, and sex. Participants were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the observation or transfusion group and were followed until study exit or study endpoint.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Transfusion Group | Recurrence of an Infarct, Defined as a Stroke or a New or Enlarged Silent Cerebral Infarct | 2.0 infarct recurrence per 100 person years |
| Observation Group | Recurrence of an Infarct, Defined as a Stroke or a New or Enlarged Silent Cerebral Infarct | 4.8 infarct recurrence per 100 person years |