Leukemia
Conditions
Keywords
stage I chronic lymphocytic leukemia, stage II chronic lymphocytic leukemia, stage III chronic lymphocytic leukemia, stage IV chronic lymphocytic leukemia, T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia, LGL clone
Brief summary
RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of methotrexate with or without cyclophosphamide in treating patients who have lymphocytic leukemia with neutropenia or anemia.
Detailed description
LGL leukemia is characterized by clonal expansion of cytotoxic T cells. Prominent clinical features include neutropenia, anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. The terminal effector memory phenotype (CD3+/CD8+/CD57+/CD45RA+/CD62L-) of leukemic LGL suggest a pivotal chronic antigen driven immune response. LGL survival is then promoted by PDGF and IL-15, resulting in global dysregulation of apoptosis and resistance to normal pathways of activation-induced death. These pathogenic features explain why treatment of LGL leukemia is based on immunosuppression therapy. However, no standard therapy has been established due to the absence of large prospective trials. Oral low dose MTX has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of neutropenia. However, response to MTX is slow, requiring several months for the neutrophil count to increase above 500/mm3. Also, complete clinical remission may not be achieved until after one year of MTX therapy. Oral Cy has been the primary drug used for the treatment of severe transfusion-dependent anemia. Beneficial clinical effects are seen despite this treatment having no apparent effect on the abnormal LGL clone. Normal hematocrits are maintained after cessation of Cy and these results contrast the effects seen with MTX, in which clinical remissions are often associated with the disappearance of the clone. This phase II trial undertaken by the Eastern Cooperative Group (ECOG) was initiated to investigate the mechanism of treatment response in patients with LGL leukemia, who need treatment for anemia or neutropenia.
Interventions
DRUGCyclophosphamide
Patients not responding to MTX after 4 months received Cy orally at 100 mg daily in step two with the same prednisone schedule. In patients showing a partial response, but not a CR, the maximum period of therapy was 1 year.
DRUGMethotrexate
Initial treatment consisted of MTX given orally at 10 mg/m2 in divided doses once weekly.
DRUGPrednisone
Prednisone was given orally at 1 mg/kg per day for 30 days and then tapered off in the subsequent 24 days.
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion: * Phenotypic studies from peripheral blood showing CD3+, CD57+ cells greater than 400/mm3 or CD8+ cells greater than 650/mm3 within eight weeks prior to registration * Evidence for clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement within one year prior to registration * At least one of the following: Severe neutropenia less than 500/mm3, neutropenia associated with recurrent infections, symptomatic anemia, or transfusion-dependent anemia * Bilirubin ≤ 2.0 mg/dl, SGOT(AST) ≤ 1.5 times normal, and Creatinine ≤ 2.0 mg/dl within 4 weeks prior to registration * ECOG performance status of 0-2 * At least 18 years of age * Written informed consent Exclusion: * Prior therapy with oral MTX or oral Cy * Previous or concurrent malignancies except inactive non-melanoma skin cancer, in situ carcinoma of the cervix, or other cancer if the patient has been disease free for over 5 years * Pregnant or breast-feeding for female patients * Serious medical illness, other than that treated by the study, which would limit survival to less than 2 years, or psychiatric condition which would prevent informed consent Note: to be eligible for step 2 of this study, patients were required to have no response after at least 4 months of methotrexate treatment.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Patients With Complete or Partial Response to Treatment With MTX | Assessed during the first 4 months, then at least every three months for two years. Then every six months until five years after study entry, and every 12 months thereafter until full study stop date. | We will report the overall response rate below. Complete remission requires that all of the following be present for at least four weeks: The patient must have a normal CBC including neutrophil count \> 1500/mm3, lymphocyte count\< 4000/mm3, hemoglobin \> 11 g/dl, and platelet count \> 100,000/mm3. In addition, the patient must have a normal LGL count. A complete response will be attained if CD8+ cells were less than 760/mm³. A partial response will be defined as achievement of any one of the following in the absence of CR. The response must last for at least four weeks:In patients being treated for severe neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils/mm3) an improvement to over 500 neutrophils/mm3 will be considered a partial response, as long as that improvement represents at least a 50% improvement. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Patients With Complete or Partial Response to Treatment of CY Among Patients Failing to Respond to MTX | Assessed during the first 4 months of treatment and followed until reaching full study stop date | We will report the overall response rate below. Complete remission requires that all of the following be present for at least four weeks: The patient must have a normal CBC including neutrophil count \> 1500/mm3, lymphocyte count\< 4000/mm3, hemoglobin \> 11 g/dl, and platelet count \> 100,000/mm3. In addition, the patient must have a normal LGL count. A complete response will be attained if CD8+ cells were less than 760/mm³. A partial response will be defined as achievement of any one of the following in the absence of CR. The response must last for at least four weeks:In patients being treated for severe neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils/mm3) an improvement to over 500 neutrophils/mm3 will be considered a partial response, as long as that improvement represents at least a 50% improvement. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
This study accrued 59 patients between July 16, 1999 and March 24, 2009. The first patient was accrued on September 15, 1999. The study terminated with 59 patients on March 24, 2009 due to slower than expected accrual.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Methotrexate MTX given orally at 10 mg/m2 in divided doses once weekly. Prednisone was given orally at 1 mg/kg per day for 30 days and then tapered off in the subsequent 24 days. Patients not responding to MTX after 4 months received Cy orally at 100 mg daily in step two with the same prednisone schedule. | 55 |
| Total | 55 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Methotrexate |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 35 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 20 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 65.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.8 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 55 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 25 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 30 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 56 / 59 | 6 / 16 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 56 / 59 | 8 / 16 |
Outcome results
Primary
Proportion of Patients With Complete or Partial Response to Treatment With MTX
We will report the overall response rate below. Complete remission requires that all of the following be present for at least four weeks: The patient must have a normal CBC including neutrophil count \> 1500/mm3, lymphocyte count\< 4000/mm3, hemoglobin \> 11 g/dl, and platelet count \> 100,000/mm3. In addition, the patient must have a normal LGL count. A complete response will be attained if CD8+ cells were less than 760/mm³. A partial response will be defined as achievement of any one of the following in the absence of CR. The response must last for at least four weeks:In patients being treated for severe neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils/mm3) an improvement to over 500 neutrophils/mm3 will be considered a partial response, as long as that improvement represents at least a 50% improvement.
Time frame: Assessed during the first 4 months, then at least every three months for two years. Then every six months until five years after study entry, and every 12 months thereafter until full study stop date.
Population: Of the 59 pts, 4 were ineligible and excluded from the analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Methotrexate | Proportion of Patients With Complete or Partial Response to Treatment With MTX | 0.39 proportion of participants |
Secondary
Proportion of Patients With Complete or Partial Response to Treatment of CY Among Patients Failing to Respond to MTX
We will report the overall response rate below. Complete remission requires that all of the following be present for at least four weeks: The patient must have a normal CBC including neutrophil count \> 1500/mm3, lymphocyte count\< 4000/mm3, hemoglobin \> 11 g/dl, and platelet count \> 100,000/mm3. In addition, the patient must have a normal LGL count. A complete response will be attained if CD8+ cells were less than 760/mm³. A partial response will be defined as achievement of any one of the following in the absence of CR. The response must last for at least four weeks:In patients being treated for severe neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils/mm3) an improvement to over 500 neutrophils/mm3 will be considered a partial response, as long as that improvement represents at least a 50% improvement.
Time frame: Assessed during the first 4 months of treatment and followed until reaching full study stop date
Population: Eligible patients who received Cy after failing to respond to MTX are included in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Methotrexate | Proportion of Patients With Complete or Partial Response to Treatment of CY Among Patients Failing to Respond to MTX | 0.64 proportion of participants |