None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Behavioral : All interventions were delivered only during the running task through wireless in-ear headphones equipped with active noise cancelling. The exercise task consisted of a five-minute prepar
the baseline session followed the identical task without any auditory stimulation. The groups differed only in the type of auditory stimulus delivered, while the exercise task and all measurement proc
Sponsors
Sun Moon University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Healthy adults aged 18 to 50 years who participate in recreational running and have prior experience of treadmill running
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: History of musculoskeletal, vascular, or neurological injury or surgery within the past six months Acute infection or cold symptoms Severe pain during physical activity Pregnancy Diagnosis of, or treatment for, a mental health condition such as depression, anxiety, or panic disorder within the past six months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Running economy calculated from steady-state oxygen uptake, expressed as the oxygen cost per unit body mass and unit distance;Positive affect score measured with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule;Negative affect score measured with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Cadence, defined as the number of steps per minute;Step length measured with the OptoGait system;Stride length measured with the OptoGait system;Total flow score measured with the Short Flow State Scale;Total score of perceived controlling behaviors measured with the Controlling Coaching Behaviors Scale, used as a manipulation check | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Public ContactJunhyun Park
Sun Moon University
Outcome results
None listed