None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Behavioral : This study consists of a waitlist control group, a static meditation group, and a meditative walking group. Participants who complete online screening and baseline assessment will be rand
Sponsors
Kyung Hee University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Participants must meet all of the following inclusion criteria: Age and sex Men and women aged 19 to 35 years at the time of informed consent will be eligible. Voluntary informed consent Participants must understand the study purpose, procedures, random allocation, intervention conditions, potential benefits and discomforts, protection of personal information, and the right to withdraw. They must voluntarily provide electronic informed consent before enrollment. Ability to complete the study procedures Participants must be able to participate throughout the four-week study period and complete three 30-minute meditation sessions per week, for a total of 12 sessions, as well as the online baseline and post-intervention assessments. They must be able to independently follow the remotely delivered audio instructions using their own smartphone and earphones. Acceptance of meditation practice Participants must have a basic interest in meditation and no strong aversion to either static meditation or meditative walking. Physical ability to perform the interventions Participants must be able to remain comfortably seated for a 30-minute static meditation session. They must also be able to walk independently without assistance and safely perform low-intensity meditative walking on a flat and appropriate walking route. Anger-out expression tendency Participants must have a tendency to express anger emotionally, verbally, or behaviorally in stressful situations. This tendency will be confirmed through online screening. Participants must meet both criteria (a) and (b), as well as at least one of the two criteria listed under (c). a. A score of 6 or higher on a 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) assessing subjective anger intensity experienced in a recent stressful situation b. A score of 20 or higher on the Anger-Out subscale (AX-O) of the Korean version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-K) c. At least one of the following: ? A mean score of 3.0 or higher on the Venting subscale of the Brief COPE ? A Direct Anger-Out score within the upper 40% of the screening sample distribution on the Behavioral Anger Response Questionnaire (BARQ) Ability to understand instructions and complete questionnaires Participants must be able to understand the study information and online questionnaire items, independently provide responses, and understand and follow the online intervention instructions and safety precautions provided by the research team. Participants will be enrolled only when they meet all general inclusion criteria and satisfy the following screening combination: anger intensity NRS score of 6 or higher, STAXI-K Anger-Out score of 20 or higher, and either a Brief COPE Venting mean score of 3.0 or higher or a BARQ Direct Anger-Out score within the upper 40%.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Individuals meeting any of the following criteria will be excluded from the study: Psychiatric conditions Individuals who are currently receiving treatment for a moderate or severe psychiatric disorder will be excluded if participation in the study or meditation practice may aggravate their symptoms. This includes individuals considered to be at increased risk of severe anxiety, panic, dissociation, impaired impulse control, or aggressive behavior during meditation practice. Recent changes in psychiatric medication Individuals who have started a psychiatric medication or changed the type or dosage of an existing psychiatric medication within the previous four weeks and whose condition has not stabilized will be excluded. Relevant medications may include antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotic medications. Individuals receiving stable medication may also be excluded if the principal investigator determines that their medication status could substantially affect their safety or the interpretation of study outcomes. Limitations in walking or physical functioning Individuals who are unable to walk independently without assistance or cannot safely complete 30 minutes of low-intensity meditative walking will be excluded. This includes individuals with musculoskeletal, neurological, balance-related, or other physical conditions that may increase the risk of falls, injury, or significant discomfort during walking. Dizziness, respiratory, or cardiovascular risk Individuals with recurrent dizziness, syncope or presyncopal symptoms, hyperventilation, dyspnea, panic symptoms, or an unstable cardiovascular condition that could present a safety risk during meditative walking will be excluded. Individuals will also be excluded when even low-intensity walking may provoke or worsen these symptoms. Physical limitations affecting static meditation Individuals who are unable to remain comfortably seated or safely complete a 30-minute static meditation session because of significant pain, physical illness, or functional limitation will be excluded. This includes individuals expected to experience substantial physical discomfort that would prevent safe completion of the intervention. Cognitive or communication impairment Individuals with cognitive impairment that prevents them from adequately understanding the study information, informed consent, or voluntary nature of participation will be excluded. Individuals with a communication impairment that prevents them from understanding the online questionnaires, audio-guided meditation instructions, or safety precautions will also be excluded. Inability to complete the online study procedures Individuals who are unable to independently use a smartphone or online system to provide electronic consent, complete the baseline and post-intervention questionnaires, access the audio guides, or submit practice logs will be excluded. Limited familiarity with digital devices alone will not be considered an exclusion criterion when the procedures can be completed after appropriate instructions are provided. Inability to follow the planned study schedule Individuals who are known before enrollment to be unable to participate in the four-week study, including three 30-minute sessions per week for a total of 12 sessions and the baseline and post-intervention assessments, will be excluded. Inadequate attendance or loss of contact after enrollment will be managed as a withdrawal or dropout cr
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change in the total score of the Hwabyung Comprehensive Evaluation Scale (HCI) from baseline to post-intervention | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change in the total score of the Korean Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (K-PTEDS) from baseline to post-intervention;Change in the total score of the Eokul Scale (ES) from baseline to post-intervention;Change in the total score of the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory-I (K-BDI-I) from baseline to post-intervention;The change in the total Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) score from baseline to post-intervention will be evaluated. The PHQ-15 assesses the severity of common somatic symptoms, including fatigue, pain, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, and chest discomfort. A decrease in the total score will indicate improvement in somatic symptoms and related physical distress. Changes will be compared among the three groups.;Change in the total score of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) from baseline to post-intervention;Number of completed sessions, attendance rate, total practice duration, program completion rate, and dropout rate in the seated meditation and meditative walking groups;Total score of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8);Occurrence, type, severity, duration, relationship to the intervention, intervention discontinuation, and subjective discomfort score on a 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale for physical and psychological adverse events related to the meditation interventions | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Public Contactsongjoo kim
Bonyeon korean Medicine Clinic
Outcome results
None listed