None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Medical Device, Behavioral : A total of 53 inpatients were randomly allocated to either the experimental group (n = 26) or the control group (n = 26). The experimental group received 20 minutes of aud
Sponsors
Chosun University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) adults aged 19 years or older who had been diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), were in the medication ON state, and were classified as modified Hoehn and Yahr stage I–II.5; (2) a score of =24 on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE); (3) the presence of upper extremity motor impairment while retaining the ability to initiate voluntary upper extremity movements with robotic assistance; (4) stable use of dopaminergic medication for at least 4 weeks before enrollment; and (5) scores of =15 on both the visual imagery and kinesthetic imagery subscales of the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire-10 (KVIQ-10).
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) atypical parkinsonism, other neurological disorders, or severe medical or psychiatric conditions that could limit safe participation; (2) severe dyskinesia or unpredictable motor fluctuations that could interfere with training or outcome assessments; (3) a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score of =5 in the training-side upper extremity or neck, or the presence of orthopedic conditions limiting upper extremity training; (4) uncorrected visual or hearing impairments, or severe dizziness, that could interfere with interaction in the virtual environment; and (5) changes in dopaminergic medication during the study period or participation in other intensive upper extremity robotic therapy, virtual reality (VR), or motor imagery (MI) interventions during the study period.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Upper extremity function and activities of daily living were evaluated using the Box and Block Test (BBT), the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and Parts II and III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Quality of life was assessed using the 8-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Public ContactJong-Bae Choi
Chosun University
Outcome results
None listed