None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Behavioral : Both groups performed McKenzie cervical exercise three times per week for four weeks. The programme comprised seated neck retraction, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and flexion, pl
each movement was performed as 15 repetitions of a 7-second contraction followed by a 7-second hold. The first session was conducted in person with a guided instructional video under supervision
subsequent sessions were performed independently at home and logged in a shared online spreadsheet. The control group (CG) performed McKenzie exercise only. The experimental group (EG) additionally ke
when the device was held closer than 30 cm for a prolonged period, a full-screen alert appeared and use could resume only after the device was moved more than 30 cm away. The only difference between g
Sponsors
Sun Moon University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1) Adults aged 19–29 years 2) Ownership of an iPhone running iOS 17 or later (required for the Screen Distance feature) 3) Presence of forward head posture, defined as a craniovertebral angle (CVA) below 53 degrees on baseline photographic assessment
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1) History of cervical spine surgery 2) Diagnosed cervical radiculopathy or other neurological disorder 3) Currently receiving treatment for neck or shoulder pain 4) Any condition contraindicating exercise
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Craniovertebral angle (CVA) — the angle between the horizontal line through C7 and the line from C7 to the tragus of the ear, measured from a photograph (taken at 60 cm) using ImageJ | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Smartphone viewing distance — distance (cm) between the eyes and the smartphone screen, recorded during photographic assessment;Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) — self-reported headache and neck pain intensity rated from 0 to 10;Neck Disability Index (NDI) — neck-related disability assessed across 10 items, each scored 0 to 5 | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Public ContactSungYeon Oh
Sun Moon University
Outcome results
None listed