None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria were: (1) Adults between 18 and 70 years of age; (2) Non-specific LBP persisting for more than three months; (3) Clinically diagnosed chronic non-specific LBP characterized by recurrent lumbosacral stiffness, swelling, or pain, confirmed by either (i) X-ray findings that excluded lumbar vertebral fracture, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, and severe osteoporosis, or (ii) normal findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or the presence of low signal intensity disc herniation; and (4) Submission of a personally signed and dated written informed consent form, indicating the patient's willingness to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria were: (1) Individuals under 18 years or over 70 years of age; (2) Unwillingness to participate or failure to personally sign and date the written informed consent form; (3) Previous history of spinal fracture or spinal surgery; (4) Specific spinal pathology such as lumbar disc protrusion, ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, or spondylolysis; (5) Presence of systemic or mental disorders; and (6) Any contraindication to radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT), including pregnancy, the presence of blood coagulation disorders (including local thrombosis), local tumor, local bacterial or viral infection (including lumbar tuberculosis), oral anticoagulant therapy, or local corticosteroid application within six weeks prior to the first rESWT session.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS);Functional disability was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Lumbar spine ROM was assessed using the Original Schober Test (OST) | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Sahmyook University