None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Pregnant women before 28 weeks of gestation Singleton pregnancy without congenital anomalies No pregnancy complications such as gestational hypertension, threatened abortion, or preterm labor risk No underlying medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, renal or liver disease) Not receiving current medical or surgical treatment Voluntarily agreed to participate after understanding the study purpose and procedures
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Multiple pregnancy or fetus with congenital anomalies Presence of pregnancy complications such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes, or preterm labor risk Diagnosed with psychiatric or cognitive disorders that interfere with survey participation Currently receiving medical, surgical, or pharmacological treatment Failure to complete all intervention sessions or post-intervention assessments
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Fear of childbirth (Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, Version A; W-DEQ-A) | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Childbirth readiness (Childbirth Readiness Scale; CRS);Birth outcomes (mode of delivery, epidural analgesia use, rooming-in status, type of infant feeding, and time from hospital admission to delivery) | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Kongju National University