None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Behavioral : Intervention Description:
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 4-week blood flow restriction walking (BFRW) program on middle-aged obese women. Participants were recruited
Sponsors
Catholic Kwandong University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: This study was designed to examine the effects of a 4-week blood flow restriction walking (BFRW) program on body composition, blood lipid profiles, insulin, and glucagon levels in middle-aged obese women. Participants were recruited according to the following inclusion criteria: 1. Age Criteria Women aged 40–59 years, representing the middle-aged population undergoing physiological and metabolic changes. 2. Weight and Body Composition Criteria Diagnosed with obesity with a body mass index (BMI) of =30 kg/m², or a body fat percentage exceeding the average for women in this age group. Body fat and lean mass were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). 3. Ability to Participate in Exercise Free of musculoskeletal disorders in the lower extremities, enabling safe participation in treadmill walking with blood flow restriction cuffs. Stable blood pressure and heart rate, with no contraindications for low- to moderate-intensity exercise. 4. Medication and Lifestyle Not currently taking weight-loss medications, hormone therapy, or metabolic disease-related drugs (e.g., insulin injections, GLP-1 analogues). No participation in structured diet or exercise programs that could significantly affect body weight or composition within the past 3 months. 5. Willingness and Consent to Participate Understood the study purpose and procedures, voluntarily agreed to participate, and signed a written informed consent form. Acknowledged the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. 6. Other Conditions Agreed not to participate in any additional weight control programs (exercise, diet, or medications) during the intervention period. Willing to promptly report any adverse symptoms (e.g., pain, dizziness) during sessions and comply with safety instructions provided by the researchers. A total of 11 participants meeting these inclusion criteria were enrolled, all of whom provided written informed consent under IRB approval.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: This study was designed to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction walking exercise on body composition and metabolic indicators in middle-aged obese women. To ensure participant safety and research integrity, the following exclusion criteria were applied: 1. Cardiovascular Disorders Diagnosed with heart failure, angina, arrhythmia, or ischemic heart disease. Resting blood pressure of =160/100 mmHg or significant heart rate abnormalities. 2. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, thyroid disorders, severe hyperlipidemia, or Cushing’s syndrome. Blood lipid levels far outside the normal range, raising safety concerns during exercise. 3. Musculoskeletal or Neurological Disorders Conditions impairing walking, such as arthritis, herniated disc, osteoporosis, or myopathy. Neurological conditions (e.g., post-stroke sequelae) that limit exercise ability. 4. Severe Obesity-related Complications Severe complications from obesity, such as pronounced leg edema or lymphedema, making cuff application unsafe. 5. Medication Use Use of anticoagulants or antihypertensive drugs that could pose risks under blood flow restriction. Use of weight-loss medications, steroids, or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) within the past 3 months that may significantly affect body composition. 6. Surgical History and Acute Injury History of lower extremity surgery or severe injury (e.g., fracture) within the past 6 months. 7. Other Conditions Deemed Unsuitable Failure to understand the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks, or refusal to sign the informed consent form. Lack of willingness or ability to complete the intervention and assessment protocols. Determination by the investigator that participation would not be safe or appropriate.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Body composition changes measured by skinfold thickness method and bioelectrical impedance analysis;Fasting blood lipid analysis of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acid(FFA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). ;Measurement of insulin and glucagon concentrations from venous blood samples | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Recording of systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes before and after each session | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Public ContactSoung-Yob Rhi
Catholic Kwandong University
Outcome results
None listed