None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: inclusion criteria were adults aged =20 years and =70 years who understood the study purpose and voluntarily agreed to participate, with an ability to communicate, without hypersensitivity to heat or cold therapy or circulatory disease, as well as having experienced venipuncture within the prior 6 months.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Patients injected with a systemic analgesic drug, those receiving another treatment for pain relief, or those diagnosed with a mental disorder were excluded
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| pain;stress;SPO2 (Saturation of Percutaneous Oxygen);blood pressure | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| pulse rate;TEE tourniquet satisfaction | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital