None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: We will enrolled patients aged 60-78 years with ASA physical status I–II, and undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: We will exclude patients with risk of complications associated with fentanyl, ketorolac, and nefopam. Those who are contraindicated to undergo spinal anesthesia will be also excluded.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The primary outcome is the pain score evaluated by visual analogue scale 24 hours after the surgery. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| the total amount of drugs infused for postoperative pain control | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital