None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Others(facial exercise) : The participants also received written instructions and a video for each exercise, along with advice on how to incorporate training into their daily routine. Participants wer
Sponsors
Yonsei University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Fifty women who met our inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited in Korea from those who filled out a questionnaire and answered positively concerning nasolabial folds or skin sagging around the mouth or jawline.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: The exclusion criteria were (1) history of dermatological interventions on or around the mouth or jaw, such as laser treatment, chemical peels, injection of botulinum toxin, and dermal fillers, during the past 3 years; (2) history of plastic surgery on or around the mouth or jaw during the past 3 years; (3) history of cosmetic enhancement through facial muscle exercise; (4) history of smoking; and (5) dimpled face. All participants signed an informed consent form regarding the potential risks and benefits of facial muscle exercise using Pao.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Quantitative measurements of facial muscle thickness;Quantitative measurements of facial muscle cross sectional area;Quantitative measurements of facial surface distances;Quantitative measurements of facial surface areas;Quantitative measurements of facial volumes | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale;Face Visual Scale: wrinkles;Face Visual Scale: jawline sagging | — |
Countries
Korea, Republic of
Contacts
Public Contactui-jae Hwang
Yonsei University
Outcome results
None listed