Persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Patients who are diagnosed as persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation and have excessive mean heart rate above 80 beats per minute on Holter ECG.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: .Patients who recently took a beta-blocker or a calcium antagonist (e.g., diltiazem or verapamil) .Patients receiving treatment for heart failure (NYHA classes II to IV). .Patients with contraindication of carvedilol therapy. .Patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus or hypertension. .Patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Efficacy endpoints (24-hour mean heart rate measured by Holter ECG) Safety endpoints (adverse events, laboratory tests, blood pressure, 12-lead ECG findings). | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The change of heart rate on the 12-lead ECG. | — |