None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Young healthy adults
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1: Smokers and obese individuals 2: Individuals with a history of heart disease 3: Individuals with arrhythmia 4: Individuals with a history of bronchial asthma 5: Individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disorders 6: Individuals with epilepsy 7: Individuals taking medication for chronic conditions or other illnesses 8: Individuals who have previously experienced vagal nerve reflex associated with needle puncture 9: Individuals unable to draw their own blood 10: Individuals deemed ineligible by the principal investigator
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Total urine volume, beverage hydration index, and plasma volume | — |
Countries
Japan
Contacts
Niigata University Faculty of Education