major abdominal surgery
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: After obtaining approval from the institutional review board of our hospital and written informed consent from each patient, 40 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II) scheduled for elective major abdominal laparotomy under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years or older than 80 years of age, had a history of allergy to opioids, had daily intake of opioids for a period of more than 1 week, had known or suspected drug abuse, were pregnant, or were unable to understand a pain scale or use a PCA device.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain score Additional analgesia Adverse effects(nausea, sedation, respiratory dysfunction) | — |
Countries
Japan