Energy intake and appetite control for the purposes of obesity research Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine Obesity
Conditions
Interventions
Three study days - all participants complete all days.
The intervention was a manipulation of the size of the breakfast meal provided. Conditions were presented in a random order. Washout period is
Sponsors
Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research (UK)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Healthy 18-60 year old men and women with a BMI of 25-35 kg/m^2
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Eating disorders assessed using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) score =11 (measured at a screening visit) 2. Depression using the Zung Depression Scale score =70 (measured at a screening visit) 3. Smoking 4. Excessive habitual alcohol intake (>14 units per week for women and >21 units per week for men) 5. Weight loss or gain within the last 3 months or actively trying to lose or gain weight (more than 4.5kg) 6. Medications affecting food intake and metabolic responses (insulin, weight loss medications, laxatives, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), oral hypoglycaemic drugs, oral corticosteroids), thyroxine and drugs acting on the sympathicomimetic system and drugs affecting gastrointestinal motility 7. Diagnosed psychiatric disorders controlled pharmacologically 8. Acute and chronic inflammatory conditions (i.e., cold, flu, inflammatory bowel disorders and coeliac disease) 9. Diabetes or fasting glucose <7 mmol/l (measured at a screening vist) 10. Any other medical condition or medications having a potential effect on regulation of appetite (i.e. neurodegenerative disorders, malignant cancer, liver diseases or severe anaemia). 11. Pregnancy, breastfeeding or planning a pregnancy 12. Athletic training 13. Allergies to, restriction or dislike of any test foods to be used, including vegetarians/vegans 14. Not regular breakfast consumers (classified as those consuming breakfast less than or equal to 3 times per week)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Energy intake at lunch measured by an ad libitum lunch meal 4 hours after breakfast. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Energy intake over the rest of the day measured at an ad libitum snack 6 hours after breakfast and by a weighed diet diary over the rest of the day. 2. Appetite (hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption) measured using visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaires before and after breakfast and lunch, at half hourly intervals between breakfast and lunch and then at hourly intervals for the rest of the day. 3. Perceived portion size of the breakfast meal measured using VAS questionnaires during the breakfast meal. 4. Biochemical measures of appetite (glucose, insulin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)) measured in the blood at fasting, and 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after breakfast. | — |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed