Diet and obesity Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine
Conditions
Interventions
Participants will be randomly assigned to:
1. Breakfast eating condition (BE), where they consume breakfast within 1 hour of waking in the morning
2. No breakfast condition (NB), where they are asked
Sponsors
University of Roehampton
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Participants may be male or female 2. Over the age of 18 years 3. Be healthy 4. Able to safely comply with the study 5. Be able to provide written informed consent (however participants are free to withdraw from the study at any time without having to give a reason)
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy or lactating 2. Women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 3. Anyone with a history of heart disease, diabetes, respiratory disorders, thyroid disease, kidney disease, or any bleeding disorder 4. Any musculoskeletal disorder that limits the participant?s ability to lie on a camp bed for prolonged periods or indication that skipping breakfast will cause a risk to the person, e.g. fainting 5. Anyone on medication for the above listed disorders, where the medication regime is affected by the exclusion of breakfast and medication that is known to affect metabolism or any of the measurements being made
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Energy expenditure measured as resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of food. 2. Blood glucose, insulin and leptin levels measured from finger prick blood samples. 3. Hunger assessed using visual analogue scales. These outcomes will be measured on the first morning of each breakfast condition and the morning after the final day (day 8) of each breakfast condition 4. Energy intakes from food diaries and an indication of physical activity measured as steps per day using pedometers and accelerometers measured for 7 days in each breakfast condition | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| An indication of mechanisms that could possibly account for differences in energy balance and body weight maintenance between breakfast eaters and breakfast skippers. Measured after the study has been completed and all the data analysed. | — |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed