Bone and cardiovascular health Musculoskeletal Diseases
Conditions
Interventions
Intervention Group: After initial measurements, participants consume a low carbohydrate diet for 6 months, followed by measurements and then resume normal diet for a further 6 months before having the
Sponsors
Waterford Institute of Technology
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Females aged between 39 and 65 2. Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 30
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Pregnancy or lactation 2. One hormone replacement therapy 3. Currently engaging in intense physical activity 4. History of chronic menstrual irregularities 5. Have had a hystorectomy 6. Have an osteoporosis T score of less then -1 7. Those suffering from diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, chronic illness, inflammatory conditions, renal, gastrointestinal or hormonal disorders 8. Those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthritis or metabolic diseases of the bone e.g. osteoporosis or Piaget’s disease 9. If the subject had engaged in dieting practices in the 6 months prior to the study (including a low carbohydrate diet) 10. Excessive smokers or alcohol drinkers 11. Taking drugs known to affect bone metabolism, other prescribed drugs such as diuretics, antibiotics, antacids and Cox-2 inhibitors
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. The effect of nutrient intake (macro-nutrient and micronutrients measured using food diaries analysed on CompEat dietary analysis software) on bone health (bone mineral mass and density and indicators of bone formation and resorption). Serum markers of bone turnover (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), osteocalcin (S-OC) and C-terminal peptide of collagen type-1 (S-CTx)), insulin, IGF-1 & IGFBP-3 were all measured by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). This was measured at 3 and 6 months. 2. . The effect of nutrient intake (macro-nutrient and micronutrients) on cardiovascular health (measured through endothelial microparticles, blood cholesterol and endothelial inflammatory biomarkers). This was measured at 3 and 6 months. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Weight loss (weight and height were recorded using an electronic balance and stadiometer) as a result of the low carbohydrate diet and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) as a result of lower carbohydrate ratio. This was measured at 3 and 6 months. 2. Net endogenous acid production (NEAP) as a result of lower carbohydrate ratio. Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) was calculated based on the method described be Remer et al. (2003). This was measured at 3 and 6 months. | — |
Countries
Ireland
Outcome results
None listed