Health conditions included: childhood vaccination coverage
Conditions
Interventions
At baseline, household surveys were completed among 3164 mothers with age eligible children living in 160 village hamlets. After the baseline, these hamlets were randomized to the intervention or cont
Sponsors
McGill University (Canada)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: We selected participants from village hamlets located in Rajasthan, the site of the intervention. 160 hamlets were selected from five blocks (i.e., Badgaon, Girwa, Jhadol, Kherwara, Kotra) in the Udaipur District where Seva Mandir had not previously established balwadis. These hamlets satisfied five criteria determined a priori, specifically: 1. No readily accessible daycare within 1.5 kilometers to reduce the potential for contamination effects 2. A minimum number of children (=25) in the appropriate age range in the hamlet to ensure adequate demand 3. An existing structure suitable for a daycare 4. A qualified woman, living in the study hamlet or nearby, to operate the daycare 5. Adequate demand from the village council (Panchayat) for a new daycare In late 2014, we completed a household census in each of the 160 hamlets to confirm the eligibility of the hamlet, enumerate the population, and identify potential respondents for inclusion. Eligible households were those with at least one mother (biological or guardian) with a child between one and six years of age. At this time, the respondent was considered eligible if they responded to the question “Do you have any children between one to six years of age” with a yes. Based on this, the total number of eligible households was similar to our desired sample size (n=3200). From this list, we randomly selected one eligible respondent from each eligible household to complete a baseline survey.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Households without a mother with an age-eligible child from the 160 study hamlets
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The primary outcomes are being measured at three timepoints over the course of the study: a baseline survey, which occurred in early-mid 2015; a first post-intervention, or midline, survey that will be fielded in mid 2016; and a final post-intervention, or endline, survey that will be fielded in mid 2017. We assessed health, social, and economic outcomes. The primary health outcomes are child nutrition and women's mental health. We measured child length/height and weight using standardized techniques and this information will be used to derive children’s length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length/height, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age using the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. Symptoms of common mental disorders (CMD) are being assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The GHQ-12 produces results that are similar to the longer version of the GHQ and has been found to be a valid screening instrument for CMD in diverse settings. To the best of our knowledge, validation studies have not been conducted among women living in Rajasthan. The primary social outcome is women's economic empowerment. We adopted a conceptual approach that incorporates both the personal and political dimensions of empowerment, and developed indicators that captured women’s sense of self-worth and identity, their willingness to question their own subordinate status, their control over their own lives and their voice and influence within the family. We constructed indicators of empowerment, adapted from the Indian National Family Health Survey whenever possible to facilitate comparability, which encompassed four domains: 1. Decision making within the family and control over income (e.g., who decides how the money you earn will be used: mainly you, mainly your husband, or you and your husband jointly?) 2. Freedom of movement in the public domain (e.g., are you usually permitted to go to the following places—for example, a market within th | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The secondary outcomes are being measured at three timepoints over the course of the study: a baseline survey, which occurred in early-mid 2015; a first post-intervention, or midline, survey that will be fielded in mid 2016; and a final post-intervention, or endline, survey that will be fielded in mid 2017. Secondary outcomes included mechanisms hypothesized to link access to daycare to the primary outcomes described above, including women's time use and economic status. Use of time was measured using a structured questionnaire that asked respondents whether they spent any time in the past 24 hours on specific activities (e.g., gathering fuel or firewood), how much time they spent on each activity, and whether this amount reflected the usual amount of time spent on the activity. The questionnaire also asks whether respondents were paid in cash or in-kind for the activities they engaged in. Economic status is measured by household income and wealth. Respondents reported the household income received in the past 12 months from various categories (e.g., agricultural income, business income, rents, remittances, government payments). Household wealth is measured using a series of questions about ownership of specific assets (e.g., telephone, bicycle, radio), environmental conditions (e.g., type of water source, sanitation facilities), and housing characteristics, (e.g., number of rooms, materials used for housing construction). Additionally, respondents are asked about savings accounts held by household members, including for each account the type of account, its purpose, the total value, and whether the respondent can use the account to make purchases. | — |
Countries
India
Outcome results
None listed