Diabetes Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Conditions
Interventions
All subjects were engaged in an exercise program for 12 weeks consisting of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise. The aerobic exercise was carried out twice a week for 30 minutes at 70% of
Sponsors
The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (Netherlands)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Male
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: All subjects: 1. Male sex 2. Aged 50 - 65 years 3. Body mass index (BMI) 27 - 35 kg/m^2 4. Stable dietary habits and physical activity levels For diabetic patients only: 5. Must be on sulphonylurea or metformin therapy for at least six months with a constant dose for at least two months, or on dietary treatment for at least six months 6. Well-controlled diabetes: fasting plasma glucose concentration must be less than 10.0 mmol/l at the time of screening For healthy controls only: 7. Normoglycaemic according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT])
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: All subjects: 1. Female sex 2. Unstable body weight (weight gain or loss greater than 3 kg in the past three months) 3. Participation in an intensive weight-loss program or vigorous exercise program during the last year before the start of the study 4. Active cardiovascular disease. This will be determined by performing an exercise electrocardiogram (ECG), by questionnaires and by screening on medication. Furthermore, all subjects will undergo a physical examination by a medical doctor. 5. Liver disease or liver dysfunction (alanine aminotransferase [ALAT] greater than 2.5 x increased) 6. Renal dysfunction (creatinine greater than 2 x increased) 7. Systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 100 mmHg 8. Haemoglobin less than 7.5 mmol/l (anaemia) 9. Use of medications know to interfere with glucose homeostasis (i.e. corticosteroids) 10. Use of anti-thrombotic medication 11. Claustrophobia and metal implants (with respect to magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) 12. Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol 13. Participation in another biomedical study within 1 month before the first screening visit For diabetic subjects: 14. Severe diabetes which requires application of insulin or patients with diabetes-related complications
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp). All measurements are done at baseline and repeated after the 12-week training period. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| All measurements are done at baseline and repeated after the 12-week training period: 1. Proteins involved in lipid handling 2. Lipid metabolites in skeletal muscle 3. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (muscle biopsies, aerobic exercise test) 4. Lipid accumulation in heart muscle and skeletal muscle (MRS) 5. Body composition 6. Mitochondrial markers and peripheral lipid accumulation in muscle (muscle biopsies) 7. Expression of proteins involved in fatty acid handling 8. Insulin signalling in skeletal muscle (muscle biopsies) | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed