Iron deficiency without anemia Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine
Conditions
Interventions
48 physically-active iron-deficient non-anaemic female participants (per trial arm: n=16
age 18 to 40 years, currently active for 4 exercise sessions per week lasting more than 30 minutes each at high intensity, or more 60 minutes at moderate intensity, or a combination thereof moderate a
Sponsors
Dublin City University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Phase I 1. Female; 2. Aged 18 to 40 years; 3. Physically active defined as currently active for not less than 4 exercise sessions per week lasting more than 30 minutes each at high intensity, or more than 60 minutes at moderate intensity, or a combination thereof moderate and high intensity sessions; Phase II 4. Participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria for status as iron deficient without anaemia i.e. a haemoglobin concentration not less than 12.0 g/dL i.e. non-anaemic, and either serum ferritin = or more than 12 and <35µg/L, or transferrin saturation <16%, or both, combined with habitual dietary iron intake of less than the current estimated average requirement (EAR) i.e. <11.4 mg/day, will be eligible to move forward into Phase II.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Male; 2. Individuals under the age of 18 and over 40 years of age; 3. Individuals with normal iron status (Ferritin >35 µg/L and haemoglobin = or more than 12 g/dL); Individuals with anaemia (haemoglobin <12 g/dL for females); 4. Individuals who present with neuromuscular, chronic, and metabolic diseases and carriers of high-risk blood-borne diseases; 5. Individuals currently on an energy-restricted diet; 6. Individuals currently supplementing with iron or vitamin C supplements; 7. Individuals currently practising a dietary restriction as vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic or Low carbohydrate diet (defined as CHO intake of <130 g/day); 8. Habitual dietary iron intake in accordance to the current estimated average requirement (EAR) i.e. = or more than 11.4 mg/day
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Iron status: serum iron, serum transferrin receptor, transferrin, transferrin saturation, and ferritin measures from which total iron binding capacity and serum transferrin receptor/log ferritin ratio will be calculated from a venous blood sample at baseline, 4, 8 and after 12 weeks. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Subjective ratings of fatigue: Measured using an online Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF) and subjective ratings of fatigue and mood state (Profile of Mood States- POMS Questionnaire) at 0, 4, 8 and after 12 weeks; 2. Body composition by bioelectrical spectroscopy (SOZO, Impedimed) and skinfold measurement by callipers at 0, 4, 8 and after 12 weeks; 3. Dietary iron intake will be assessed by a 4-day food diary with analysis by commercial dietary analysis software (Nutritics) at 0, 4, 8 and after 12 weeks; 4. Full blood count including hemoglobin measured in blood samples at 0, 4, 8 and after 12 weeks; 5. Types of the intensity of physical activity and sitting time that people do as part of their daily lives to estimate the total physical activity in MET-min/week and time spent sitting, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), at 0, 4, 8 and after 12 weeks. 6. Training log recording session duration and session RPE throughout the 12 week period. | — |
Countries
Ireland
Outcome results
None listed