Overweight / Weight loss Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine Obesity
Conditions
Interventions
Drinking water treatments
All participants were instructed to drink water to minimize blood carbohydrate and insulin levels and maximize fat oxidation. They were told that drinking water was expected
Sponsors
Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (USA)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. All participants were screened for a body mass index (BMI) above the 85th percentile for age and sex 2. Motivation to lose weight 3. Daily intake of caloric beverages, including juice, soda, milks, and/or sports drinks, less than 2L per day drinking water 4. Willingness to adopt food and beverage changes 5. Boys and girls, at any stage of puberty 6. Who spoke English or Spanish
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Any health condition that could make study participation harmful 2. Acute illness 3. A fluid balance disorder 4. Any chronic condition or medication that stimulates vasopressin release, or any condition for which venipuncture is counter indicated. 5. Potential participants were also excluded if they had any condition or medication known to promote weight gain. 6. Specific exclusion criteria included: 6.1. Renal disease (previous diagnosis, +3 proteinuria dipstick test, frequent urination) 6.2. Congestive heart failure 6.3. Adrenal insufficiency 6.4. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 6.5. Chronic pain 6.6. Psychogenic polydipsia 6.7. Bleeding disorders 6.8. Hemophila 6.9. Recent cancer chemotherapy 6.10. Syndromic conditions (e.g. Prader-Willi, Bardet-Biedl) 6.11. Weight loss pharmacotherapy 6.12. Anti-depressent, anti-psychotic or lipid-lowering medications, adrenergic or cholinergic drugs, clofibrate, chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, phenothiazines, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, morphine barbiturates, opiates, and glucocorticoid therapy in excess of physiologic dosing (i.e. > 15 mg/m2/d). 7. Persons who had lost weight in the previous 2 months were excluded 8. Persons who expressed aversion to drinking water or the prescribed study foods, or who had plans to move to a new address during the study period were also excluded from the study
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Body weight was measured in duplicate, using a calibrated clinical scale, at baseline, and then weekly for 8 consecutive weeks. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Saliva insulin - Unstimulated saliva was passively collected for determination of saliva insulin at baseline, and then weekly for 8 weeks. Saliva insulin was determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercially available kit and microplate spectrophotometer. | — |
Countries
United States of America
Outcome results
None listed