Perioperative care Surgery
Conditions
Interventions
Parents and their children in all three groups will receive routine preparation of surgery provided by the participating hospital in this study. Parents and their children who are assigned to the cont
Sponsors
Ministry of Health (Singapore)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: The inclusion criteria for children include: 1. Age between 6 and 14 years old 2. Is scheduled for an elective surgery in the participating wards 3. Will be hospitalised for at least 1 day postoperatively 4. Is able to speak English or Chinese (Mandarin) The inclusion criteria for parents include: 1. Main caregiver of the child who meets the inclusion criteria 2. Able to communicate and read in English or Chinese (Mandarin)
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: The exclusion criteria for children include: 1. Having cognitive and learning disabilities identified from their medical records 2. Having a chronic pain related condition The exclusion criteria for parents include: 1. Guardians of the child 2. Not the main caregiver of the child in the hospital
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The primary outcome measures are parents? knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to pain management. The instruments used to measure these outcomes are described below. 1. Pain Management Knowledge and Attitudes (PMKA) questionnaire for parents will be used in this study to measure parents' knowledge and attitudes toward their children's postoperative pain and pain management. The PMKA consists of two sections which are answered on a five-point Likert Scale. The first section comprises of five questions measuring parental perceived adequacy of knowledge related to their child's postoperative pain and pain management. The second section comprises of seven questions measuring parental attitudes toward their child's postoperative pain and pain management using a five-point Likert Scale. An additional set of five questions in the second section seeks to understand parents? attitudes towards pain medication. The scale indicated a good validity of scale-content validity index at 0.85. Measured at baseline (around 7-10 days before the operation) and around 24 hours after the operation. 2. A modified Parents? Use of Pain Relief Strategies (PUPRS) questionnaire for parents (17 items) will be used to measure parents? use of different pain relief strategies for their child?s pain management. The PUPRS indicated good internal consistency with Cronbach?s alpha values of 0.93. Measured at around 24 hours after the operation. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The secondary outcome measures are children?s postoperative pain intensity and their satisfaction with pain management, their parents? satisfaction with their children?s pain management, and pain management related costs as well as the validity and reliability of the Tong Numerical Rating Scale (TNRS). The instruments used to measure these secondary outcomes are described below: 1. A 10-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Tong Numerical Rating Scale (TNRS) will be used to assess children?s postoperative pain intensity by children and their parents. The NRS for pain is a one-item scale that measures pain intensity on a horizontal line from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). The TNRS is a newly developed pain scale which combines a Numerical Rating Scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (extreme pain) with the size of cartoon Tong to show pain intensity for children. The participants will be asked to mark a point above the number that most represented their pain intensity during the interview on the NRS and TNRS, respectively, with a 15-minute interval between the usages of the two scales to avoid any possible contamination of the two scales. In addition, the two scales will be randomly selected as priority sequence for each participant. The concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of TRNS will be tested in the pilot study. The NRS will also be used as a gold standard to test concurrent validity of TNRS in this study. The NRS will be used at around 6, 12, and 24 hours after the operation. The TNRS will be used at around 24 hours after the operation. For the first 30 participants in this study, test-retest of TNRS will be conducted at around 24 hours after the operation. Thus, the concurrent validity of the TNRS will be calculated with the NRS and test-retest reliability of the TNRS will also be calculated. 2. A 6-point Ordinal Descriptive Scale (ODS) for assessing satisfaction with postoperative pain management of children (1 i | — |
Countries
Singapore
Outcome results
None listed