Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine
Conditions
Interventions
Patients were divided into three groups: exercise-only (EX) group, exercise with NS (EN) group, and control (CON) group. Each group before and after the interventions underwent anthropometric and hemo
Sponsors
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Male
Age
40 Years to 60 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Male sex 2. Age range 40 to 60 years 3. Non-active or sedentary lifestyle 4. Non-smoker 5. ADA-based T2DM that has been diagnosed for more than 2 years 6. Without medication modifications during the past 6 months 7. 6.5-9% baseline HbA1c 8. Ready for participation in a monitored exercise programme 9. BMI >30 kg/m² 10. Taking only oral hypoglycaemic medications 11. Free of any serious complications
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Foot deformities 2. Heart or lung conditions 3. Uncontrolled blood pressure 4. Current ulcers 5. Additional neuropathic complications
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Measured before the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention: 1. Anthropometric measurements including weight in kilograms (kg) and height in centimetres (cm) measured using a Digital Physician Scale (MDW-250L, Adam Equipment Co. Ltd., UK) 2. Metabolic profile (glycaemic and lipidemic profiles): FBG and lipid profile assays (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL) carried out on chemistry analyzer DxC 700 AU (Beckman Coulter US, Inc., USA) by colorimetric techniques 3. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure measured using GE Healthcare CARESCAPE Vital Signs V100 monitors 4. Oxidative stress markers measured using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) test and the Catalase Activity (CAT) test 5. Inflammatory markers measured using the Human Tissue Necrotic Factor - a (TNF-a) test, the Human Interleukin 4 (IL-4) test and the Human Adiponectin (ADP) test | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Measured before the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention: 1. Endurance and functional exercise capacity measured using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) 2. Functional mobility measured using the timed up-and-go test (TUGT) 3. Grip strength measured using a calibrated Jamar dynamometer 4. Functional strength of the lower body was evaluated by the sit-to-stand test (STS) | — |
Countries
Saudi Arabia
Outcome results
None listed