Osteoporosis Musculoskeletal Diseases Osteoporosis
Conditions
Interventions
Following 12 months of sport specific training, the randomisation process will start in each sport group and participants will be divided into two sub-groups to perform a plyometric jump training (PJT
Sponsors
University of Exeter
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Male
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Males aged between 12–14 years who engage (=3 h/week) in osteogenic (football) and/or non-osteogenic (swimming and cycling) sports in the last 3 years or more 2. Males aged between 12–14 years who do not engage in any of these sports (=3 h/week) in the last 3 or more years (control group).
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Participation in another clinical trial 2. Any acute infection lasting until < 1 week before inclusion 3. Medical history of diseases or medications affecting bone metabolism or the presence of an injury (before inclusion) that may affect participation in their respective sports and/or any variable considered in the present study (i.e. doing the PJT) 4. Non-Caucasian participants
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Primary outcomes will be measured at baseline, after 12 months (before the intervention starts), nine months later (once the intervention ends, six months after the third timepoint (as a follow-up), and after a further six months (as a second follow-up). 1. Bone mineral content, density and area of different regions and sub-regions will be obtained after performing a whole body, hip (left and right) and lumbar spine scans. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner (GE Lunar Healthcare Corp., Madison, WI, USA) will be used to scan participants at these four sites due to the evidence of site specific impact of sports participation. All DXA scans and analyses will be performed using the GE enCORE software (2006, version 14.10.022). 2. Stiffness index will be measured using qualitative ultrasound with a Lunar Achilles Insight and the OsteoReport PC software version 5.x + (TM Insight GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). This portable device measures bone stiffness using ultrasound waves and is considered a valid and radiation-free method to assess bone health in children. 3. Bone turnover markers will be measured using serum procollagen type 1 aminoterminal propeptide (P1NP) and isomer of the Carboxi-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) as markers for formation and resorption, respectively. 4. Vitamin D will be measured by measuring the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the blood. For the scope of the present study 25(OH)D will be analysed as it has been shown to interact with PA to improve bone mass in adolescents. Blood samples will be collected between 8:00 am and 9:00 am following a 12-hour fast period. A research team experienced in sampling techniques will collect capillary blood samples (~1.2 mL) from a pre-warmed hand into heparin fluoride coated microvettes (CB 300 tubes, Sarstedt Ltd, Leicester, UK) that will be placed immediately on ice. The microvettes will be centrifuged at 1000 x | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Anthropometry and sexual maturation will be measured using a number of techniques. Stature (cm), seated height (cm) and body mass (kg) will be measured by using a stadiometer (Harpenden, Holtain Ltd, Crymych, UK; precision 0.1 cm; range 60–210 cm), a sitting height table (Harpenden, Holtain Ltd., Crymych, UK; precision 0.1 cm; range 32–109 cm) and an electronic scale (Seca 877, Seca Ltd, Birmingham, UK; precision 100 g; range 2–200 kg) respectively. Body mass index (BMI) will be calculated as body mass (kg) divided by the height (m) squared. Waist circumference will measured at the midpoint between the lowest rib cage and the top of the iliac crest. Hip circumference will be measured around the widest portion of the buttocks. All measurements will be undertaken by the same trained researcher using the type Seca 201 measuring tape (Seca Ltd, Birmingham, UK; precision 0.1 cm; range 0–205 cm). All anthropometrical measurements will be performed three times and the mean will be calculated. Pubertal maturation will be self-reported by the participants using adapted drawings of the five stages (Tanner) of pubertal hair development. 2. Fat and lean body mass will be measured using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner. The body will be segmented in accordance to standard procedures to evaluate not only regional bone mass, but also lean mass and fat distribution. Information about hip strength index, fat mass ratios (trunk/total, legs/total, arms and legs/trunk), android and gynoid regions will also be obtained and have been previously validated in adolescents. 3. Body volume will be measured with BodPod (Body Composition System, Life Measurement Instruments, Concord, California, USA) as it can effectively predict visceral adipose tissue in children and determine the changes of body fat percentage over time. Two measurements will be performed and if there is a difference of more than 150 mL in body volume, a third meas | — |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed