Induced Pain Signs and Symptoms Induced Pain
Conditions
Interventions
The study will include three, 20-minute cryotherapy interventions.
1. 10°C with 50mmHg compression using the Swellaway Handheld Unit V3
2. Wetted ice (400ml water, 400g
Sponsors
Swellaway
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Aged 18 to 65 years 2. No current musculoskeletal injuries to their lower limbs 3. No known reactions to cold, heat or pressure applications or capsaicin cream (0.075%). 4. Willing to participate including both shaving the region of interest on the knee (minimum 2 cm) on the medial aspect of their non-dominant knee, and avoiding alcohol and significant caffeine consumption for 24 hours prior to the study session
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Pregnancy or possibly pregnant 2. Broken or irritated skin in the region of interest on the knee 3. Respond ‘yes’ to any of the following: a. Has your doctor ever said that you have a heart condition and that you should only do physical activity recommended by a doctor? b. Have you had unusual chest pain when you were not doing physical activity? c. Is your doctor currently prescribing drugs for your blood pressure or heart condition? d. Are you taking any type of anti-inflammatory medication? e. Have you had any condition or disease which will affect your muscles functioning or repairing? f. Do you have any condition or disease that affects heart function? g. Do you know of any other reasons why you should not undergo physical activity or perform cooling treatments? This might include severe asthma, diabetes, a recent injury, serious illness, high/low blood pressure, Raynaud’s Syndrome, Cancer, cold or heat allergies. h. Do you have any condition that affects blood clotting?
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Perceived pain scores will be measured using a numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), at baseline (pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, and 20 mins post-intervention | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) measured using a digital algometer (Wagner FPX, USA) and a numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) at baseline (pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, and 20 mins post-intervention 2. Muscle strength measured using a handheld dynamometer (Microfet, Draper, UT) to obtain an isometric measure of quadriceps muscle performance of the non-dominant leg at baseline (pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, and 20 mins post-intervention 3. Joint position sense (JPS) measured using a ten camera infra-red Oqus motion analysis system (Qualisys medical AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) collecting at 115 Hz at baseline (pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, and 20 mins post-intervention. For this measurement, anatomical markers will be placed posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), greater trochanter, medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur, medial and lateral malleolus, calcaneus, dorsal aspect of first and fifth metatarsal heads and the middle cuneiform, acromion, lateral epicondyle of the humerus and radial styloids. Clusters of four markers mounted on a thin sheath of lightweight carbon fibre will be applied to the anterolateral aspect of the femur and tibia. As carried out in Alexander et al. (2016), pre-testing familiarisation to the small knee bend (SKB) protocol of 45° will be conducted measured by a goniometer, prior to kinematic data collection. The participant will be given three attempts to replicate the 45° SKB in order to familiarise themselves with the movement pattern. Following the ‘practice’ attempts participants will then complete five SKB using three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis to measure knee motion. No white noise or blindfold will be worn by the participants; as advised in Alexander et al. (2016). | — |
Countries
United Kingdom
Contacts
Public ContactOlivia Greenhalgh
Outcome results
None listed