The influences of smartphone use on the status of the tear film and the ocular surface

The influences of smartphone use on ocular symptoms, status of the tear film, and oxidative stress in the ocular surface

Status

Active, not recruiting

Phases

Unknown

Study type

Observational

Source

ISRCTN

Registry ID

ISRCTN17257070

Enrollment

Registered

2017-06-27

Start date

2016-11-20

Completion date

Unknown

Last updated

2023-07-25

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Tear film and the ocular surface Eye Diseases

Interventions

All measurements were evaluated at baseline, 1 hour, and 4 hours after smartphone use. Subjective symptoms and asthenopia were evaluated by ocular surface disease index (OSDI), visual analogue scale (

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

All

Inclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria: 1. Healthy adults without other ocular or systemic diseases which could affect ocular condition, or surgical history 2. Over 20 years old

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria: 1. Subjects who used any eye drops 2. Pregnant at the time of the study

Design outcomes

Secondary

Measure	Time frame
1. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interferon (IFN)-?, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monokine induced by interferon-? (MIG) measured in the tear film 2. Oxidative stress markers including hexanoyl lysine (HEL), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the tear film measured by ELISA All outcomes were measured at baseline, 1 hour, and 4 hours after smartphone use	—

Measure

Time frame

1. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interferon (IFN)-?, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monokine induced by interferon-? (MIG) measured in the tear film 2. Oxidative stress markers including hexanoyl lysine (HEL), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the tear film measured by ELISA All outcomes were measured at baseline, 1 hour, and 4 hours after smartphone use

—

Primary

Measure	Time frame
1. Ocular symptoms and asthenopia, evaluated by ocular surface disease index (OSDI), visual analogue scale (VAS), and computer vision syndrome (CVS) score before and after smartphone use 2. Status of the tear film, evaluated using fluorescein film break-up time (FBUT), non-invasive break up time (NIBUT), Schirmer score, keratoepitheliopathy (KEP), and tear meniscus height (TMH) All outcomes were measured at baseline, 1 hour, and 4 hours after smartphone use	—

Measure

Time frame

1. Ocular symptoms and asthenopia, evaluated by ocular surface disease index (OSDI), visual analogue scale (VAS), and computer vision syndrome (CVS) score before and after smartphone use 2. Status of the tear film, evaluated using fluorescein film break-up time (FBUT), non-invasive break up time (NIBUT), Schirmer score, keratoepitheliopathy (KEP), and tear meniscus height (TMH) All outcomes were measured at baseline, 1 hour, and 4 hours after smartphone use

—

Countries

Korea, South

Outcome results

None listed

Source: ISRCTN (via WHO ICTRP) · Data processed: Feb 4, 2026