Co-rumination and internalizing problems in Dutch primary school girls Mental and Behavioural Disorders
Conditions
Interventions
The Girls United prevention program aims to foster social-emotional-behavioural self-regulation within a supportive close-friendship context through incorporation of both dyadic and individual experie
Sponsors
Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Female
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: To be eligible for inclusion, a participant/girl must meet all of the following criteria: 1. Aged 10 to 12 years. 2. Visiting a primary school of RiBA, BLICK op Onderwijs, and Scholennetwerk BSI (i.e., collaborative school network). 3. Attending 5th or 6th grade of mainstream upper primary education in academic year 2025/2026 or 2026/2027. 4. Being a cisgender woman or being a transgender woman. 5. Having a good or best friend (being a cisgender woman or being a transgender woman) at the same school. To be eligible for inclusion, a dyad/girls must meet the following inclusion criteria: By lack of an official cut-off score for high co-rumination levels, we will base our inclusion on a distribution-based technique. That is, we will include friendship dyads of which at least one of the two girls, or both girls, have a score above the median co-rumination screening score of the cohort on the Co-rumination Questionnaire-Short (Hankin, Stone & Wright, 2010). This will result in a sample of the 50% highest scoring girls on co-rumination. Note that a distribution-based technique is a common-used technique to select a high-risk population of clinical significance in the absence of meaningful clinical cut-offs (Sloan, Symonds, Vargas-Chanes & Fridley, 2003).
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria at participant/girl level: 1. Following and/or participating in an another individual or group-based mindfulness-based training in academic year 2025/2026 or 2026/2027. Exclusion criteria at the school level (to mitigate any risk of difficulties in trial implementation): 1. Not having a headteacher in academic year 2025/2026 or 2026/2027. 2. Judged as ‘inadequate’ during the most recent school inspection by the Dutch Inspectorate of Education. 3. Implementing another mindfulness-based intervention in academic year 2025/2026 or 2026/2027.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Current primary outcome measure as of 14/04/2025: 1. Self-reported co-rumination measured using CRQ-Short at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Baseline measure (T0): Sept 2025 (Cohort 1) & Feb 2026 (Cohort 2) T1 measure: Nov 2025 (Cohort 1) & April 2026 (Cohort 2) T2 measure: Jan 2026 (Cohort 1) & June 2026 (Cohort 2) T3 measure: March 2026 (Cohort 1) & Oct 2026 (Cohort 2) T4 measure : May 2026 (Cohort 1) & Dec 2026 (Cohort 2) Follow-up measure (T5): May 2027 (Cohort 1) & Dec 2027 (Cohort 2) _____ Previous primary outcome measure: 1. Self-reported risk for (early onset) depression measured using CDI-2 at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 2. Self-reported co-rumination measured using CRQ-Short at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Baseline measure (T0): Sept 2025 (Cohort 1) & Feb 2026 (Cohort 2) T1 measure: Nov 2025 (Cohort 1) & April 2026 (Cohort 2) T2 measure: Jan 2026 (Cohort 1) & June 2026 (Cohort 2) T3 measure: March 2026 (Cohort 1) & Oct 2026 (Cohort 2) T4 measure : May 2026 (Cohort 1) & Dec 2026 (Cohort 2) Follow-up measure (T5): May 2027 (Cohort 1) & Dec 2027 (Cohort 2) | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Current secondary outcome measures as of 14/04/2025: 1. Self- and friend-reported friendship quality measured using the NRI at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 2. Self-reported positive and negative affect measured using the PANAS-C at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 3. Self-reported interpersonal responses to positive affect measured using the CoDEQ at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 4. Self-reported anhedonic symptoms measured using the LASS at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 5. Self-reported anxiety symptoms measured using the RCADS at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 6. Self-reported self-worth measured using the CBSK at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 7. Self-reported stress measured using the Stress Vragenlijst voor Kinderen at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 8. Self-reported risk for (early onset) depression measured using CDI-2 at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. _____ Previous secondary outcome measures: 1. Self- and friend-reported friendship quality measured using the NRI at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 2. Self-reported positive and negative affect measured using the PANAS-C at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 3. Self-reported interpersonal responses to positive affect measured using the CoDEQ at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 4. Self-reported anhedonic symptoms measured using the LASS at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 5. Self-reported anxiety symptoms measured using the RCADS at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 6. Self-reported self-worth measured using the CBSK at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. 7. Self-reported stress measured using the Stress Vragenlijst voor Kinderen at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. | — |
Countries
Netherlands
Contacts
Public ContactPatricia Vuijk
Outcome results
None listed