Pain associated with extremities injuries Nervous System Diseases Pain
Conditions
Interventions
198 patients are randomly assigned to two groups using a stratified block randomisation sequence method. Patients are stratified by baseline pain score (pre-intervention pain score of 4, 5 or 6 (moder
Sponsors
University of Malaya
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Patients voluntarily sign the informed consent form 2. Patients presenting with extremities injuries - defined as injuries to the upper limbs including the shoulders, and injuries to the lower limbs excluding the hip 3. Soft tissue injuries or suspected soft tissue injuries (skin abrasions, sprains, strains, ligament injuries, muscle injuries) 4. Closed fracture or suspected closed fracture 5. Moderate pain (pain score of 4, 5 or 6 using verbal numerical rating scale)
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Patients with open fractures as they will require procedural sedation for early reduction 2. Patients with laceration wounds as they will require local anaesthesia for wound suturing 3. Patients who will require admission 4. History of allergy or suspected allergy to tramadol 5. Pregnant patients 6. Patients with known liver disease 7. Patients who had consumed or had received any analgesia prior to presentation to the emergency department 8. Patients who are taking analgesia for other pathology
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain score, as measured using verbal numerical rating scale, at 30 min after the administration of tramadol | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Time from administration of tramadol to pain relief (or to decision to administer rescue analgesia) 2. Pain score associated with subcutaneous injection and intravenous cannulation 3. Incidence of any local or systemic side effects 4. Need for rescue analgesia 5. Need for anti-emetic 6. Patient's overall satisfaction using a 5-point Likert scale | — |
Countries
Malaysia
Outcome results
None listed