Delayed early child development Nutritional, Metabolic, Endocrine
Conditions
Interventions
The intervention was a group-based parenting program for families with children ages 4 and under implemented at the community level. There were two treatment arms and one comparison arm.
1. First trea
in this arm, though, the CCT program was responsible for promoting the parenting program and encouraging community members to participate
3. Comparison arm: households received the standard conditiona
Sponsors
UC Berkeley
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: To be eligible to participate in the study, communities needed to: 1. have a minimum of 15 families with children 0 to 2 years of age 2. have a high proportion of families in the community (>70%) incorporated into the CCT 3. have no current implementation of the parenting program or prior participation for at least the previous five years Additionally only rural communities (fewer than 2500 inhabitants) in Chiapas and bordering areas in Puebla and Oaxaca were considered for inclusion.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Age out of range of interest for study
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Measures of early child development (cognitive, language, motor). | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Maternal mental health: Maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Spanish version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), a 20-item questionnaire with a range from 0-60. The CES-D has been validated for use in diverse Mexican populations. We will examine outcomes with respect to the total score on the 20-item measure as well as subscale scores. We will also use the sum of the Perceived Stress Scale, which was included to assess the frequency of stressful situations in the prior month. 2. Maternal caregiving and responsiveness: The extent to which caregivers respond to their children and provide stimulation for cognitive development is a critical factor contributing to child development, and we will measure this responsiveness using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventories. The HOME inventories are administered by naturalistic observation and interview at the child’s home, and include scales measuring the provision of activities/materials that encourage learning and maternal knowledge of appropriate caregiving practices, and have been associated with better social, motor, cognitive, language and academic performance across a range of ages in the US and in various countries. We have previously used the HOME scale in many other studies. 3. Food consumption: For children 0 to 18 mo of age (baseline), mothers were asked a series of questions regarding breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. At follow up, mothers were asked to report on the types and frequency of foods consumed by their children, as well as other information related to the use of bottles and feeding style (responsive feeding). Although we cannot quantify dietary intake of energy or other nutrients, these methods have been used extensively in Mexico and have been shown to distinguish children whose dietary patterns follow international recommendations and those who do not. | — |
Countries
Mexico
Outcome results
None listed