Healthy cognitive aging Not Applicable
Conditions
Interventions
Participants were randomized to one of four intervention groups. All interventions lasted for 12 weeks and involved training visits every second weekday. Participants were randomized to receive either
Sponsors
Aging Research Center (ARC), Institutionen för Neurobiologi, vårdvetenskap och samhälle (NVS), Karolinska Institutet
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Age 65-75 years at the start of the study 2. Ability to attend all study visits 3. Ability to maintain current level of physical activity, in addition to any study intervention, during the whole study period 4. Adequate hearing and normal or corrected eye sight 5. Fluency in the Swedish language
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Any planned lifestyle changes during the study period (e.g. change of physical exercise routine, diet or leisure activities) 2. Neurological disease, including all dementia types (MMSE<26 excluded), Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy 3. Current or ongoing cardiovascular disease (blood pressure up to 200/100 included) 4. History of brain damage, including stroke 5. Uncontrolled metabolic disease, including diabetes (untreated type II included) and Grave’s disease 6. Ongoing cancer (<1 year after completed treatment excluded) 7. Psychiatric illness (history of mild to moderate depression and anxiety included) 8. History of head trauma with resulting unconsciousness 9. Color blindness 10. Previous participation in the study or in another study where cognitive tests are included 11. Neuromotor or musculoskeletal dysfunction preventing activity on an exercise bike or treadmill 12. Medications that can affect the fitness tests, such as beta-blockers and beta-stimulants 13. Any ongoing infection 14. Chest pain 15. Fear of needles 16. Medication that can influence the blood analysis, including antiepileptic and antidepressant medication, sleeping medication and cortisone treatment
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Primary outcome variables were eight cognitive composite scores, each composed of two/three individual tests administered at pretest and posttest (12 weeks), which varied systematically in similarity to the tasks in the working memory training, and gradual working memory improvement across the cognitive training period | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Physical fitness, assessed in a maximum ergometer test at pretest and posttest 2. Acute changes in peripheral BDNF concentrations in response to the allocated intervention, assessed at pretest | — |
Countries
Sweden
Contacts
Public ContactJonna Nilsson
Outcome results
None listed