All participants in this study were non-alcoholics and non-smokers with a stable medical condition. To avoid the influence of other factors on results, participants were instructed to have a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. In addition, the consumption of caffeine, tea, and tobacco was strictly prohibited during the experimental period. Not Applicable
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Healthy male college student. 2. Non-alcoholic. 3. Non-smoker. 4. Stable medical condition.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Can’t follow the suggestions of a balanced diet 3 days before the experimental process. 2. Consume caffeine, tea, and tobacco and can’t be strictly prohibited during the experimental period. 3. Can’t tolerance the cycling exercise challenge including VO2max test and completed a 60-min cycling exercise at 70% VO2max.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. Glycogen levels in biopsied skeletal muscles are measured using an aseptic technique, an incision (10 mm length and depth) was made in the skin and muscle fascia at about 20 cm above the knee of the right leg at 0-h (immediately after exercise) and 3-h after exercise. 2. Fat oxidation rate in a gaseous sample is measured using MetaMax3B indirect calorimetry (Cortex Biophysik, Nonnenstrasse, Leipzing, Germany) to collect individual’s gaseous samples at every 60-min during 3h post-exercise recovery i.e., at 60, 120 and 180-min after exercise for both trials. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 1. p-Akt/Akt ratio is measured using Western blot in muscle biopsied samples at 0-h and 3-h after exercise. 2. GLUT4 expression using Western blot in muscle samples at 0-h and 3-h after exercise. 3. Blood glucose is measured using an automated glucose analyzer supplied by YSI Life Sciences (Yellow Springs, OH, USA) at every 30-min during 3h post-exercise recovery. 4. Insulin is measured using commercially available kits (Randox, Antrim, UK) on an automated analyzer (Hitachi 7020, Tokyo, Japan). at every 30-min during 3h post-exercise recovery. 5. NEFA is measured using commercially available kits (Randox, Antrim, UK) on an automated analyzer (Hitachi 7020, Tokyo, Japan). at every 30-min during 3h post-exercise recovery. 6. Glycerol concentrations are measured using commercially available kits (Randox, Antrim, UK) on an automated analyzer (Hitachi 7020, Tokyo, Japan). at every 30-min during 3h post-exercise recovery. | — |
Countries
Taiwan