Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Conditions
Interventions
Intervention 1: Intervention group: After the samples complete the pre-test, the educational intervention begins
in order to carry out the intervention, the researcher selects one of the accepted messengers based on the survey in coordination with the intervention group. A WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, ETA, Yes
Sponsors
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
60 Years to No maximum
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Age 60 years and older Being literate, able to read, write, and use a smartphone or, in the case of disability, accompanied by a primary caregiver who is able to use a smartphone and use messaging apps. Access to a mobile phone and installation of at least one of the messaging apps WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, Ita, Yes, or Rubika by the elderly or primary caregiver Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes according to a doctor Having at least two of the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes (mean glycosylated hemoglobin greater than 6.5, fasting blood sugar greater than 126, oral glucose tolerance test greater than 200, and random blood sugar greater than 200) Having informed consent from the elderly or their primary legal caregiver to participate in the study Not having Alzheimer's disease (dementia) or any disease that, according to the diagnosis of the attending physician, prevents the elderly from participating in educational classes, unless the primary caregiver can play a supportive and educational role. The primary caregiver is the person who is continuously and primarily responsible for the care of the elderly person and plays a supportive, educational, and companionship role in the treatment and self-care processes. This person is usually a family member or home caregiver who, by fully understanding the elderly person's condition, helps improve quality of life and adherence to treatment.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Not having Alzheimer's disease (dementia) or any disease that, according to the diagnosis of the attending physician, prevents the elderly from participating in educational classes, unless the primary caregiver can play a supportive and educational role.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Vulnerability is often defined as a physical disability in the elderly that is associated with weakness, weight loss, fatigue, decreased daily activity, and increased morbidity. Vulnerability is associated with adverse health outcomes such as weakness, decreased performance, hospitalization, multiple medications, increased use of health care services, and multiple visits to physicians; in other words, vulnerability in the elderly is defined as a significant reduction in the adaptive capacity of biological, psychological, and social systems, which increases the individual's sensitivity to internal and external stressors; vulnerability results from the gradual destruction of physiological reserves (such as decreased muscle mass, hormonal imbalance, and weakened immune system) and disruption of compensatory mechanisms that naturally protect the body against challenges. Timepoint: Measuring the vulnerability score of elderly people with diabetes before, immediately after, and one month after receiving telehealth-based self-care education in two control and intervention groups. Method of measurement: The vulnerability assessment of the elderly will be carried out according to the Tilberg Vulnerability Questionnaire, and the original version and initial validity of this index were designed by Goebbens and his colleagues in 2010 at Tilberg University, Netherlands. The index is scored from 0-15 and the cut-off point of this index is 5. A score of 5 and above will be considered vulnerable. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Diabetes self-efficacy is the degree to which an individual feels mastery over their ability to perform desired functions, and in other words, self-efficacy is the confidence that a person will perform a specific behavior in a given situation and expect the desired results. In other words, diabetes self-efficacy means the belief and confidence of an individual with diabetes in their ability to effectively manage various aspects of diabetes. This concept includes the individual's confidence in their ability to perform self-care behaviors such as adhering to medication regimens, maintaining proper nutrition, engaging in physical activity, regularly monitoring blood sugar, and coping with stressful situations and possible complications of the disease. High levels of diabetes self-efficacy are associated with improved blood sugar control, reduced disease complications, and improved quality of life in elderly people with diabetes. Timepoint: Measuring self-efficacy in elderly people with diabetes before, immediately after, and one month after receiving telehealth-based self-care training in two control and intervention groups. Method of measurement: The self-efficacy of the elderly will be measured according to the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Questionnaire designed by Lorig et al. in 1995. In the diabetic patients' self-efficacy scale, the response range of each participant is between 0 and 10, where zero indicates I don't know at all and 10 indicates I am completely capable of doing it. The total score of the diabetic patients' self-efficacy questionnaire is a minimum of zero and a maximum of 200, with a higher number indicating greater self-efficacy.;Adherence to medication therapy involves taking medications correctly at the prescribed dose, time, and duration, and nonadherence can lead to reduced treatment effectiveness, side effects, and increased care costs. Adherence to medication therapy is particularly important in the elderly due to polypharmacy, cognitive problems, | — |
Countries
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Contacts
Public ContactDr. Malek Fereydouni Moghadam
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Outcome results
None listed