Aromatherapy.
Conditions
Interventions
Intervention 1: Intervention group: First Intervention Group (Citrus aurantium): This group received aromatherapy intervention using the essential oil of Citrus aurantium (Orange Blossom). The essenti
Sponsors
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Age 18 years or older. Conscious and able to communicate verbally. Absence of psychiatric or cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, etc. No history of allergy to jasmine and Citrus aurantium aromas (based on patient report and medical records). No addiction to alcohol or illicit drugs. Intact sense of smell (absence of symptoms of parosmia or anosmia). No history of surgery on the jaw, face, or nose. Absence of systemic or chronic diseases affecting the sense of smell, such as acute or chronic sinusitis. Willingness to participate in the study and completion of an informed consent form. Refraining from using any perfumes or colognes during the research procedure. Being scheduled for emergency surgery of the upper or lower extremities (to undergo surgery within less than 24 hours). Normal olfactory function confirmed by an odor identification test, defined as the ability to correctly identify at least 5 out of 6 specified odors.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Hemodynamic instability requiring intensive care during the intervention. Occurrence of sensitivity or an allergic reaction to jasmine or orange blossom aromas during the intervention. Withdrawal of consent and unwillingness to continue participation in the study. Transfer or referral to other medical centers during the intervention process. A lapse of more than 24 hours between patient admission and entry into the operating room.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pain: Pain associated with or resulting from the surgical procedure, present around the time before surgery. Timepoint: Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 15 minutes after the intervention. Method of measurement: 1. Preoperative Pain: Visual Analog Scale (VAS).Scale: 0 ("no pain") to 10 ("most severe pain"). Higher scores indicate greater pain. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Fear: An emotional response to an actual external threat, which subsides once the threatening situation is resolved. Timepoint: Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 15 minutes after the intervention. Method of measurement: Preoperative Fear: Validated Persian Hospitalization Fear Questionnaire. Scale: Total score (17-85) from 17 items on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater fear. | — |
Countries
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Contacts
Public ContactMasoumeh Nouri Ghanli
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
Outcome results
None listed